What are the harmful components in the atmosphere?

1.Harmful gases refer to gaseous pollutants that exist in the atmosphere, mainly including acidic and oxidizing gases. The harmful gases that damage the archives mainly include sulfur oxides (such as SO2), sulfides (such as H2S), nitrogen oxides (such as NO2), photochemical smog, chlorine (Cl2), etc.

Archival paper is a kind of material with a porous structure, there is air between its pores and paper, they are constantly changing in the case of atmospheric pressure changes, at this time, harmful gases can continue to diffuse and penetrate into the paper under the power formed by the concentration difference, so as to enter the paper and be attracted by it.

2.After acidic and harmful gases (such as H2S, SO2, NO2, Cl2) are absorbed by the paper, they react with the moisture in the paper material to form strong acids, which can reduce the pH value of the archival paper material and enhance the acidity. In addition, in a high humidity environment, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide can also combine with water vapor in the air to form acid droplets and settle on the paper, making it more acidic.

Acid is also a catalyst for the hydrolysis of fibers in paper, which hydrolyzes cellulose into fragile hydrolyzed cellulose, and can dissolve lignin, thereby reducing the mechanical strength and durability of archival paper materials; At the same time, it will also cause different degrees of fading of handwriting materials with poor acid resistance (such as duplicate handwriting, etc.).

3.The primary ecological oxygen or ozone produced by oxidizing harmful gases (such as NO2 and CL2) are oxidants, which will oxidize and degrade the cellulose in the archival paper material to form fragile oxidized cellulose, and oxidize the lignin to produce lignin oxide, so that the paper will become yellow and brittle, and the strength will decrease, which will affect the durability of the paper. Oxidizing harmful gases also have a bleaching effect, causing some handwriting materials to fade due to oxidation.

4.Harmful gases mainly come from cities. It is mainly used for urban industrial fuel combustion and exhaust gas in industrial production processes, as well as civil fuel combustion.

Due to the low level of industrial development, especially the "three wastes" can not be treated in a timely and effective manner, resulting in air pollution, especially in the chemical, cement, papermaking and other industries, the exhaust dust in the production process is an important cause of air pollution. In addition, with the development of the transportation industry, the means of transportation represented by automobiles have increased dramatically, and their emissions have become one of the main harmful gases.

The main one is carbon dioxide.

Sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, chlorine, ozone, soot.

In the atmosphere, especially in the vicinity of certain factories, there are also potentially harmful chemicals such as cadmium, beryllium, antimony, lead, nickel, manganese, mercury, arsenic, fluoride, asbestos, organochlorine pesticides, etc.

Mainly nitric oxide with sulfide but also dust with carbon molecules.

Harm to human health: The harm of air pollutants to the human body is multifaceted, manifested as respiratory system damage, physiological dysfunction, digestive system disorders, nervous system abnormalities, mental decline, carcinogenesis, and disability. People call this smoke of disaster"Murderous smoke"。

When the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is very high, it can cause acute pollution poisoning, or worsen the symptoms, and even kill thousands of people in a few days.

2. Harm to plants: When the concentration of pollutants is very high, it will cause acute harm to plants, causing lesions on the surface of plant leaves, or directly causing leaves to wither and fall off; When the concentration of pollutants is not high, it will cause chronic harm to plants, making plant leaves green, or there are no harmful symptoms on the surface, but the physiological function of plants has been affected, resulting in a decline in plant yield and deterioration of quality.

3. Harm to weather and climate: reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground: a large number of soot particles emitted into the atmosphere from factories, power stations, automobiles, and home heating equipment make the air very turbid, block the sunlight, and reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground.

Extended information 1: Waste smoke, exhaust gas, noise, dirty water, and garbage discharged from people's lives. 2. Exhaust gases and noise emitted from vehicles (all fuel vehicles, ships, airplanes, etc.). 3. Water flowing out after irrigation of farmland with a large amount of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals.

4. Mine wastewater and waste residue.

5. Machine noise, electromagnetic radiation, carbon dioxide pollution, etc.

With the development of our science and technology and the progress of the times, the pollution of various heavy industries has also become active, coupled with the emission of various automobile exhaust, our air quality can be said to be worse day by day. Especially in many first-tier cities, there is often dark haze, which has many adverse effects on our health. So what are the hazards of air pollutants to the human body?

It is understood that inhalable particulate matter is the primary pollutant that causes the current atmospheric environmental pollution in our city. Studies have shown that the increase in inhalable particulate matter in the atmosphere is one of the important reasons for the increase in human mortality. The main effects of inhalable particulate matter on human health are:

Carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic.

1. Acute harm: The concentration of pollutants is very high in a short period of time, or the combination of several pollutants into the human body can cause acute harm to the human body.

2. Chronic harm: Chronic harm mainly refers to the harm caused by the continuous action of small doses of pollutants on the human body. For example, the impact of air pollution on the incidence of chronic inflammation in the respiratory tract.

3. Long-term harm: The harm of environmental pollution to the human body is generally manifested after a long incubation period, such as the carcinogenic effect of environmental factors. The main carcinogenic factors in the environment are physical, chemical and biological.

Physical factors, such as leukemia, lung cancer, etc., caused by external radiation exposure or inhalation of radioactive materials, and biological factors, such as tropical malignant lymphoma, have been shown to be caused by a virus transmitted by blood-sucking insects. Chemical factors, according to animal experiments, there are more than 1,100 kinds of carcinogenic chemicals. In addition, pollutants have a great impact on genetics.

All living things themselves have the characteristics of genetic variation, and the genetic harm of environmental pollution to the human body is mainly manifested in mutagenesis and teratogenicity.

The above content introduces in detail what are the hazards of air pollutants to our human body, and after reading it, will friends feel frightened? Take the smog that we are all familiar with, which is a very small particle of pollution that enters the lungs with our breathing, causing us to suffer from various respiratory diseases.

The hazards of air pollution are:

1. Acute poisoning: When the concentration of pollutants in the air is relatively not very high, acute poisoning generally does not occur in this case, especially in adults, because a healthy adult, his resistance is still okay. However, if the concentration of harmful gases in the air we breathe is relatively high, and the environment suddenly switches from a safe situation to a harmful environment, it is easy to cause acute poisoning.

For example, the leakage of methyl isocyanate from the Päbor pesticide factory in India directly endangered the human body, killing 2,500 people and injuring more than 100,000 people.

2. Chronic poisoning: If the air contains toxic or harmful substances to the human body, it may not be noticed in a short time, but in the long run, harmful substances will accumulate in our body to form a recessive virus, which will invade our body little by little, accumulate to a certain time, as long as a little "pressure" is applied, it will be triggered. For example, in Shanghai, China, the respiratory diseases of urban residents are significantly higher than those in the suburbs.

3. Carcinogenicity: This is the result of long-term effects, which is due to the fact that pollutants act on the body for a long time, damage the genetic material in the body, and cause mutations. If it causes a sudden change in the genetic material and genetic information of the organism, it is also called mutagenicity; If the effect of inducing a tumor is called carcinogenicity. The term "cancer" here includes both benign and malignant tumors.

4. Environmental carcinogens can be divided into chemical carcinogens, physical carcinogens, biological carcinogens, etc. The process of carcinogenesis is quite complex, and there are generally initiation stages and growth promotion stages. Factors that can induce tumors are collectively referred to as carcinogenic factors.

Tumors caused by long-term exposure to carcinogenic factors in the environment are called environmental tumors. Air pollution can lead to a decrease in a person's lifespan.

5. Air pollution has very serious harm to industrial and agricultural production, and these hazards can affect economic development and cause a lot of loss of manpower, material and financial resources. Acidic pollutants in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc., corrode industrial materials, equipment and building facilities. The adverse impact of the increase of dust on the production, installation, commissioning and use of precision instruments and equipment.

References: Air Pollution - Encyclopedia"> Air Pollution - Encyclopedia.

Air pollution can be harmful in many ways, including harm to human health, damage to plants and the environment, and impact on the climate.

1.The human body needs to be ventilated directly with air. Therefore, air pollution has direct damage to the human body, especially the organs of the mouth, nose and pupil conjunctiva of the eyes that are in direct contact with the polluted air.

The most common are respiratory symptoms, where polluted air can reduce the body's immunity and lead to a sharp increase in the risk of respiratory infections.

2.Air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and fluoride can cause serious harm to plants. It will cause lesions on the surface of plant leaves, which in turn will affect the photosynthesis of plants, causing plants to wilt and die.

3.Polluted air blocks out the sun, which in turn reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground, and can also lead to a rise in atmospheric temperatures and the formation of acid rain.

The harm caused by air pollution to the human body is mainly reflected in the harm of the respiratory system, including inducing asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in severe cases, it can cause lung cancer. In addition, the content of formaldehyde and benzene in the polluted air is high, and after long-term inhalation, it can enter the circulatory system and accumulate in the body, resulting in leukemia. Therefore, for air pollution, it is necessary to actively prevent it, treat the symptoms, etc

Proactive prevention: If the air pollution in the patient's area is severe, the frequency of going out should be reduced, and doors and windows should be closed to reduce ventilation. When going out, it is recommended to ride a car, avoid long-term exposure such as bicycles and motorcycles, and wear protective tools such as helmets and masks.

When the air is normal in daily life, it is recommended to participate in more physical exercises, such as jogging, swimming, cycling, etc., to enhance cardiopulmonary capacity, which can strengthen the tolerance of the cardiopulmonary body to air pollution to a certain extent.

Symptomatic**: For patients with related diseases caused by air pollution, it is necessary to actively address the symptoms** to avoid worsening of the condition. For asthma, patients can use agonists, theophylline, glucocorticoids**; Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can use drugs such as albuterol, terbutaline, aminophylline, etc., and the specific medication is recommended under the guidance of a doctor.