This paper briefly introduces the basic concepts of Newtonian classical mechanics and its profound i

I don't know much about that, haha.

Newton's theory that had the greatest influence on the development of modern natural science was Newton's three laws.

Newton's Laws of Motion (Newton'S laws of motion) includes Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, and Newton's third law of motion, which were summarized by Isaac Newton in his book Principles of Mathematics in Natural Philosophy in 1687. Among them, the first law states the meaning of force: force is what changes the state of motion of an object; The second law states the effect of force:

The force causes the object to gain acceleration; The third law reveals the nature of force: force is an interaction between objects.

The laws in Newton's laws of motion are independent of each other, and their internal logic is self-consistent. Its scope of application is the range of classical mechanics, and the applicable conditions are particles, inertial reference frames, and macroscopic and low-speed motion problems. Newton's laws of motion explain the complete system of Newtonian mechanics and the basic laws of motion in classical mechanics, which are widely used in various fields.

Newton's laws of motion are important laws in mechanics, which are the basis for the study of classical mechanics and even physics, and expound the basic laws of motion in classical mechanics. The scope of application of this law is the inertial frame of reference given by Newton's first law of motion, and makes the study of physical problems and the measurement of physical quantities meaningful.

The first law of Newton's laws of motion is the premise and foundation of other principles, laying the conceptual foundation of classical mechanics, thus placing it in the position of the premise of the first principle in the theoretical system. The second law, the momentum theorem, the principle of function, etc., determine the relationship between the change in the state of motion of an object and the external action.

the third law and the law of conservation of momentum, etc., which correlate the motion of objects in question; and the law of gravitation, which pioneered celestial mechanics, and enabled people to have an accurate understanding of the laws of the sun, moon, and the stars for the first time; This paper gives a general statement of the natural forces, reveals the law of the interaction between the two objects, and provides a theoretical basis for solving mechanical problems and transforming the research object.

Newton's main contributions:

1. Establish Newtonian mechanics based on Newton's three laws of motion.

2. Discover the law of gravitation.

3. Establish the foundation of the theory of planetary laws.

4. Committed to the research of Mitsubishi mirror dispersion and invented the reflective telescope.

5. Discover the binomial theorem and calculus of mathematics.

In Newton's time, Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, Kepler summarized the three laws of planetary motion from Tycho's observations, and Galileo gave the concepts of force and acceleration and discovered the law of inertia and the law of free fall. It was at this time that Newton made a holistic view of the motion of the planets and objects on the ground, and he used mathematical methods to make physics a complete system capable of expressing causality. This is what we call the classical system of mechanics today.

Additional information: Sir Isaac Newton (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727), President of the Royal Society, a famous English physicist, an encyclopedic "all-rounder", author of "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" and "Optics".

In his 1687 book The Laws of Nature, he described gravitation and the three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the foundation for the scientific view of the physical world for the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the motion of terrestrial objects and celestial bodies follows the same laws of nature; It provided strong theoretical support for the heliocentric theory and promoted the scientific revolution.

In mechanics, Newton elucidated the principle of conservation of momentum and angular momentum and proposed Newton's laws of motion [1]. Optically, he invented the reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on the observation that a prism diverges white light into the visible spectrum. He also systematically formulated the law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.

In mathematics, Newton shared the honor of developing calculus with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He also proved the generalized binomial theorem, proposed the "Newtonian method" to approximate the zero point of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.

In economics, Newton proposed the gold standard.

Newtonian mechanics belongs to the category of classical mechanics, which takes the point as the research object, focuses on the action relationship of force, and emphasizes the consideration of the force on each particle point when dealing with the problem of particle system. Newton's classical mechanics is distinguished from the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, and is applicable to theories that do not exceed the speed of light.

Newton's Three Laws Newton's Three Laws are important laws in mechanics, and they are the basis for the study of classical mechanicsNewton's first law, Newton's second law, Newton's third law: gravitation.

Newtonian mechanics studies support Newton's theory of physics at macroscopic low velocities. The microscopic is to give way to quantum mechanics, and at high speed it is to give way to relativity. Because the latter two are precise descriptions of motion, Newtonian mechanics is only approximate, or a special case of the latter two, but it is accurate enough in real life.

There are three common mechanical systems, Newtonian mechanics, Lagrangian mechanics, and Hamiltonian mechanics.

Generally speaking, theoretical mechanics appears in engineering, including Newtonian mechanics + Lagrangian mechanics.

Classical mechanics and analytical mechanics range equally, in the Department of Physics, covering Newtonian mechanics, Lagrangian mechanics, Hamiltonian mechanics.

Newton's three laws are based on classical mechanics.

To put it simply: Newtonian mechanics is mainly concerned with vector quantities, such as: force, moment, momentum, angular momentum; Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics focus on the systematic description of system energy pairs.

Therefore, Newtonian mechanics requires a complex process of force analysis, while Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics need to analyze the specific expression of energy and the binding conditions.

Most cases of Newtonian mechanics are based on elementary calculus and univariate differential equations, while Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics are based on the functional variational method, which obtains extreme value functions for analysis. The advantage of the latter over Newtonian mechanics is that it is a straightforward description of complex systems that are difficult to draw conclusions from force analysis. However, the latter is more mathematically demanding.

Essentially, Hamiltonian mechanics (based on energy sum) is derived from Lagrangian mechanics (based on energy differences). Lagrangian mechanics, on the other hand, is a reformulation of Newtonian mechanics, and its foundations (the principle of minimum action and the Euler-Lagrangian equation) are equivalent to Newton's second law.

Classical mechanics began in the days of Galileo and Kepler and reached maturity in the days of Newton (1642-1727).

Copernicus founded the theory of the sun, which led to the understanding of the world by answering objective facts.2 Galileo made his own telescope, discovered the four moons of Jupiter, discovered sunspots and estimated the rotation period of the sun from their motion, and proposed the motion of free fall. Propose an ideal experimental method.

3. Here Newton not only talked about the purpose of research, but also talked about the method of scientific research. Inductive-deductive methodInductive method: starting from experiments, from the special to the general.

Deductive method: mainly theoretical, from general to special.

Newton combined the two methods, showing that the two methods complement each other. This is also the embodiment of Newton's philosophical ideas.

(1) Classical force is from the era of Galileo and Du Kepler, and the era of Newton to the stage of reaching the stage of maturity.

b) 1, Kepler.

Kepler's Three Laws of Planets: Ellipse's Law, Equal Area Law, and Harmony Law.

2. Galileo.

1) Astronomical contributions: self-made telescopes, the discovery of 4 moons of Jupiter, the discovery of sunspots, and the determination of the sun's rotation period.

2) Contribution to mechanics: The law of falling bodies and the concept of inertial motion were proposed.

3) Contribution of the scientific method: (observation of phenomena - formulation of hypotheses - mathematical and logical reasoning - experimental verification - formation of theories) pioneered the scientific experimental method and combined experimentation, observation and theoretical thinking; Thought experiments were proposed.

3. Newton. 1) Contribution to mechanics: Newton's three laws, gravitation.

2) Methodological contributions to scientific research: inductive-deductive methods.

3) Newton's natural philosophical thoughts.

3) Newton's natural philosophical thoughts: the principle of simplicity, the principle of causality, the principle of unity, and the principle of truth.

Newton's natural philosophy and scientific research methods that combined inductive and deductive methods, models and mathematical ideas, not only successfully established the classical mechanics system, but also realized the first major synthesis in the history of physics. Moreover, it has promoted the great development of modern science.

The creation of classical mechanics in cattle socks Chachiton belongs to the scientific discovery in the form of the discovery results.

a.Reveal something new.

b.Reveal new properties of things.

c.Based on the scientific facts that have been discovered, new laws are summarized.

d.On the basis of the relevant scientific laws that have been summarized, a complete set of scientific theories should be created.

Correct answer: d

In the process of the establishment of his mechanical system, Newton first proposed the concept of dynamic light dissipation. （）

a.That's right. b.Mistake.

Correct Answer: a

Newton's study of broad lead mechanics strongly supports which of the following theories is a good idea?

a.Heliocentricism.

b.Galaxy Center said.

c.The Ground Counting Fighting Ball Center said.

Correct Answer: a

On the basis of a large amount of kinetic knowledge accumulated by his predecessors, and through his own repeated observations and experiments, Newton proposed a clear definition of "force", "mass" and "momentum", and related them to the "acceleration" proposed by Galileo, and summarized the three basic laws of mechanical motion of objects.

Newton's greatest achievement, that is, his greatest contribution to the classical mechanics system, is basically what we learn in the mechanics part of high school physics, Newton's three laws and the law of universal gravitation!

The former allows us to build a scattered and powerful scientific system, capable of dealing with the problem of the force of almost all objects (and also brings us an infinite sea of questions); The latter allows astronomy to no longer be able to only hold a telescope to observe and record the trajectory of the stars, and human beings can finally face the vast night sky to do real thinking and discovery! For example, the discovery of Neptune by Le Verrier in 1846 was a great triumph of Newtonian mechanics.