What are the classifications of landslides and what are the types of landslides?

1) Stable landslide 1) The main sliding body has been piled up in the front edge section, the accumulation slope has been relatively gentle and compact, and the building has no signs of deformation. 2) The landslide wall is mostly eroded and slowed, the wall surface is stable, and it is mostly covered with grass and trees. 3) The river has been far away from the landslide tongue, no longer washed by floods, the vegetation is intact, and there is no collapse.

4) The natural valleys on both sides of the landslide are stable. 5) The location of groundwater outcropping is fixed, and the flow rate and water quality change law are normal. (2) Old landslide 1) The slope surface is not straight, in the form of irregular steps, and presents an arc-shaped or dustpan-shaped low-lying micro-landform.

Plants generally grow on the slope, and the larger trees show "saber trees" and "drunken man forests". 2) The bank slope of the landslide is often convex bank, squeezing the river to the opposite bank, sometimes forming a concave bank because the sliding body is washed away, but there are many huge drifting solitary stones, and the bank slope has signs of collapse. 3) The river terraces are overcovered or sheared, the terraces are discontinuous, the sediment levels are discontinuous or inverted, and the occurrence is disordered.

There are springs or wetlands on the front edge of the slope, and water-loving plants are abundant. 4) There is a double ditch homology or depression in the posterior edge of the landslide, and the ditch wall has been relatively stable, and the grass and trees are thick. 5) The slope of the landslide body is often concave and convex at the top, and the front edge (soil) is extruded to show a tongue-like convexity, and the strata are discontinuous and the occurrence is inconsistent. There are many disturbances and loosening phenomena on both sides of the formation, with cracks and drag folds; The posterior margin wall is steep and has signs of collapse.

6) Gully wall or artificial slope, sometimes landslide sliding surface traces can be seen. (3) Slope with landslide conditions 1) Steep slope with steep upper and lower slope composed of accumulated soil, and the rock (soil) body contains a weak interlayer or a structural plane that is not conducive to slope stability. 2) Steep slopes made up of broken rocks.

3) Slope composed of magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks weathering zone. 4) Valley slope in fault fracture zone 5) Slope with impervious layer and free surface under heap and slope deposits. 6) Bedding areas composed of soft rock and interspersed with weak layers, especially slopes with dip angles of 10° and 30°.

7) Slope in expansive rock (soil) area. 8) The slope with soft soil base, groundwater development or water accumulation, and improper treatment of the substrate before filling. 9) Inappropriate engineering construction, resulting in the deterioration of slope stability conditions.

Geological Disaster Science Lecture Hall.

In order to better understand and manage landslides, it is necessary to classify landslides. However, due to the complex geological conditions and factors in nature, the purpose and requirements of various engineering classifications are not the same, so landslides can be classified from different angles, and landslides can be divided as follows according to the types of landslides in China.

1) Divide according to the volume of the landslide body.

1.Small landslides.

The volume of the landslide is less than 100,000 cubic meters.

2.Medium-sized landslides.

The volume of the landslide is 100,000,000 cubic meters.

3.Large landslides.

The volume of the landslide is 1 million 10 million cubic meters.

4.Extra-large landslides (mega landslides).

The volume of the landslide is more than 10 million cubic meters.

2) Divided according to the sliding speed of the landslide.

1.Creeping landslides.

It is a landslide whose movement is difficult to see with the naked eye and can only be detected by instrumental observation.

2.Slow landslides.

Sliding a few centimeters to tens of centimeters a day, people can directly observe the activity of the landslide with the naked eye.

3.Medium-speed landslide.

Landslides that slide tens of centimeters to several meters per hour.

4.High-speed landslides.

Landslides that slide from a few meters to tens of meters per second.

3) According to the material composition of the landslide body and the relationship between the landslide and the geological structure1Overburden landslides.

This type of landslide includes clay soil landslide, loess landslide, gravel landslide, and weathered crust landslide.

2.Bedrock landslides.

The relationship between this type of landslide and geological structure can be divided into homogeneous landslide, bedding landslide and insect landslide. Bedding landslides can be divided into landslides that slide along the plane and slide along the bedrock surface.

3.Special landslides.

This type of landslide includes thawing landslide, collapse landslide, etc.

4) Divided according to the thickness of the landslide body.

Shallow landslides, middle landslides, deep landslides, ultra-deep landslides.

5) Divided by the age of formation.

New landslides, old landslides, old landslides, and landslides under development.

6) Divided according to mechanical conditions.

Traction landslides, push landslides.

7) Divided according to the material composition.

Soil landslides, rock landslides.

8) Divided according to the relationship between the sliding surface and the rock mass structural plane.

Similar soil landslides, bedding landslides, and insect landslides.

According to the type of landslide in China, landslides can be divided into:

According to the main material composition of the landslide body and its relationship with the geological structure, it can be divided into 1, overburden slippage 2, bedrock landslide 3, and special landslide.

According to the thickness of the landslide body, it can be divided into 1, shallow landslide 2, middle landslide 3, deep landslide 4, and ultra-deep landslide.

cAccording to the size of the landslide, it can be divided into small, medium, large and giant landslides.

dAccording to the age of landslide formation, it can be divided into 1, new landslide 2, and ancient landslide. According to the mechanical conditions of the landslide, it can be divided into 1, traction landslide 2, and push landslide.

Divided by the volume of the landslide body.

Small-scale landslides: the volume of landslides is less than 10 104 cubic meters;

Medium-sized landslides. The volume of the landslide is 10 104-100 104 cubic meters;

Large landslides: the volume of landslides is 100 104-1000 104 cubic meters;

Extra-large landslides (giant landslides): the volume of the landslide is greater than 1000 104 cubic meters.

Divided by the sliding speed of the landslide.

Creeping landslides, which are difficult for people to see with the naked eye and can only be discovered through instrument observation;

Slow landslide: sliding a few centimeters to tens of centimeters a day, and people can directly observe the activity of the landslide with the naked eye;

Medium-speed landslides: landslides that slide tens of centimeters to several meters per hour;

High-speed landslide: A landslide that slides from a few meters to tens of meters per second.

It is divided according to the degree of landslide body, material composition and the relationship between landslide and geological structure.

This type of landslide includes cohesive soil landslide, loess landslide, gravel landslide and weathered crust landslide.

Bedrock landslides, the relationship between this type of landslide and geological structure can be divided into: homogeneous landslide, bedding landslide, and slice landslide. Bedding landslides can be further divided into landslides that slide along the plane or along the bedrock surface.

Special landslides, this type of landslides include thawing landslides, collapse landslides, etc.

It is divided according to the thickness of the slip gentle slope.

shallow landslides; mid-layer landslides; deep landslides; Ultra-deep landslides.

It is divided according to the size of the landslide body.

Small landslides. Medium-sized landslides. Large landslides. Giant landslides.

Divided by the age of formation.

new landslides; paleolandslides; old landslides; A landslide is developing.

Divided by mechanical conditions.

trailed landslides; Push landslides. According to the material composition of soil landslides; Rock landslides.

It is divided according to the relationship between the sliding surface and the structural plane of the rock mass.

similar soil landslides; stratified landslides; Slice landslides.

According to the material composition of the landslide body, it can be divided into soil landslide (accumulation layer landslide, loess landslide, artificial fill landslide) and rock (rock formation) landslide.

Soil landslides refer to landslides that occur in the accumulated soil layer, loess, artificial fill and regolith layer that have not yet been consolidated. In the loess region of Northwest China, farmland irrigation often induces large-scale loess landslides.

Soil landslides that occur in the soil.

Multi-stage sliding in loess landslides.

Rock landslides, also known as rock landslides, mostly slide along the rock layer and fault fracture zone. The scale of rock landslides is large and small, and large and giant rock landslides often occur, causing serious harm.

Rock landslides that occur in rock mass.

A crack in the bedrock that pulls apart after a bedrock landslide.

A wide variety of landslide plane shapes.

From the plane point of view, the landslide is manifested in a variety of shapes, some are semicircular, some are elongated; There are also some landslides that are very wide but have a shorter distance to slide forward.

Sometimes the landslide body slides along the only sliding surface; Some landslides will also have multi-level sliding surfaces, and multi-level sliding occurs, and the landslide body disintegrates into several pieces at this time, and a plurality of landslide steps appear.

A landslide with multiple sliding surfaces.

The lower part is the bedrock, the upper part is the slope of loose soil and rock, when encountering heavy rain, the rainwater will seep down from the void of the soil and rock, and when it seeps into the impervious bedrock layer, the water will flow down the rock layer, and then it may drive the loose soil and stone in the upper part to slide down along the bedrock face, which is manifested as a landslide along the bedrock surface.

The upper loose earth and rock slide down the bedrock layer.

Some landslides, with slippery bands, slide forward in narrow strips for a long distance. Most of this landslide is small, shallow sliding, often into a ** life, just like a cat scratching on a person's face, forming a number of slip marks, commonly known as "cat scratching face" landslide.

**Small, shallow landslides.

Cat scratch face type "landslide."

For a landslide, there can be different classifications from different angles, starting from the study of the history of slope development and formation, it can be divided into ancient landslides, old landslides, new landslides, modern landslides and other types; According to the development stage of the landslide, the landslide is divided into juvenile, youth, prime and old age. According to the sliding dynamic characteristics of landslides, they can be divided into pushed, translational and traction landslides. In practice, landslides can be classified according to prominent factors, and the principle of classification is to see whether it is helpful for us to understand, prevent and deal with this landslide.