Regarding the question of tetrodotoxin, what is tetrodotoxin?

There is no fish more poisonous than pufferfish.

Poisonous fish can be divided into fish with venomous glands and poisonous fish, the former can also be called spiny fish.

The most poisonous spiny fish in the world is the Poison Fish family. They are ugly in appearance but brightly colored, and they are ugly creatures who love to dress up. Lives in the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific Ocean.

The most dangerous of these is the synanceia horrida, which has a large venom gland that releases poison through 13 towering dorsal spines on its back, killing its victim within six hours. It has a second respiratory system, so it can survive for more than 10 hours when it is out of water. Its tough thorns can pierce rubber soles and **.

Despite this, the fish also have their natural predators, with adults sometimes being devoured by stingrays and juveniles often becoming a meal for large snails.

The most poisonous fish in the world is the arothorn hispidus. In 1774 there was a James. Captain Cook wrote in his nautical diary:

That day his assistant bought a fish from a local native, it looked like a sunfish, the head was big, long and ugly, because it was very late, so he only made cod liver and roe to taste, but at 3 o'clock in the morning he was poisoned, dizzy, numb limbs, and another pig died from eating the fish entrails. This is a record of the poisoning of the world's most poisonous fish, the barrea-bellied pufferfish. This fish is found in the Red Sea and the waters of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and it contains a neurotoxin, pufferoxin, in its ovaries, liver, intestines, bones, and even in its blood.

The researchers also found that the virulence of pufferoxin is closely related to gonadal activity, reaching its peak before the breeding season. If you accidentally eat this fish during this season, you can die within 2 hours.

Puffer fish poisoning, or puffer fish poisoning, is one of the most severe types of marine poisoning.

Puffer fish is a kind of marine fish, there are more than 100 kinds in the world, and there are about 40 species in China, among which the main ones that often cause human poisoning are the star-spotted Oriental dolphin, the leopard Oriental dolphin and so on.

The toxicity of puffer fish is caused by tetrodotoxin in its body. Tetrodotoxin, whose chemical name is amino-total hydrogen metadiazepine, is a highly toxic clump of empty sails. The amount of toxins in puffer fish varies by sex, by body part and by season.

Generally speaking, the ovaries and liver contain the most toxins and are the most toxic, followed by the kidneys, blood, eyes, gills and fish skin. Most varieties of freshly washed fish are considered non-toxic. However, if the fish is stored for a period of time after death, the flesh can be contaminated with toxins.

Spring is the ovarian development period of females, the ovaries are the most toxic, and the liver toxicity is also the strongest in spring, so puffer fish poisoning is most likely to occur in spring.

Tetrodotoxin is a non-protein, highly active neurotoxin, slightly soluble in water, soluble in vinegar, stable when between 3 6, easy to be destroyed when pH is greater than 7, extremely stable to light and heat, 100 times 6 h can not completely destroy it. Puffer fish meat was soaked in sodium carbonate solution with a concentration of 2 for 24 h, and can be considered non-toxic after washing.

After tetrodotoxin enters the human body, it can inhibit the permeability of nerve cell membranes to NA ions, thereby blocking the conduction of nerve impulses and paralyzing nerves. The incubation period is generally, the main symptoms of poisoning are: initial facial flushing, headache, severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, followed by sensory nerve paralysis, such as numbness and tingling of the lips, tongue, fingers, and then motor nerve symptoms, such as muscle weakness in the hands, arms, legs, etc., difficult movement, body swaying, tongue numbness, slurred speech, and even paralysis due to numbness of the whole body.

In severe cases, blood pressure drops, bradycardia, dyspnea, and even death due to respiratory failure. Based on the severe toxicity of puffer fish, the state prohibits the consumption of puffer fish.

River toxin is a colorless needle-like crystal, which is an acid-resistant, high-temperature resistant animal alkali, and is one of the most toxic non-protein substances in nature. One in 50 million can anesthetize nerves in 30 minutes, and the minimum lethal dose to the human body is milligrams.

However, this extremely strong toxin can be dissolved in water and easily soluble in dilute acetic acid, and 240 will begin to carbonize. In a weak alkaline solution (treated with 4% sodium hydroxide for 20 minutes), it is immediately destroyed as a glucose compound and loses its toxicity.

Heating at 100 for 4 hours or 115 for 3 hours, or 120 for 30 minutes, or 200 for 10 minutes, can completely destroy the toxin and the toxicity disappears.

Hello, puffer fish are poisonous fish with poisonous skin, blood, liver and ovaries and must be slaughtered by an experienced chef.

1. Puffer fish is poisonous, the most poisonous parts of puffer fish are gonads, ovaries, and liver, and its kidneys, blood, eyes, gills and sail tremors are second most toxic, and the toxin content in puffer fish meat is less.

2. When slaughtering puffer fish, if you accidentally prick your fingers, you may also cause poisoning, and in late spring and early summer every year, puffer fish is the most toxic, so it is best not to eat it.