What is the scope of ontology? What is Ontology?

Ontology(ontology) is the philosophical theory of the origin or substrate of the world.

The term "ontology" was first used by the 17th-century German scholastic scholar P. Gocolegnius.

Although there are various definitions of the word ontology, there is a general understanding of it. Generally speaking, the ontology used in philosophy before Marxism was different in a broad sense and in a narrow sense, and philosophy was integrated into practice after Marxism.

Broadly speaking, it refers to the ultimate nature of all reality, which needs to be done through epistemology.

And to get known, so that the study of the ultimate nature of all reality is ontology, and the study of how to know is epistemology, which is the relative symmetry of ontology and epistemology.

In a narrow sense, in the broad sense of ontology, there is a distinction between the study of the origin and structure of the universe and the study of the nature of the universe, the former being cosmology and the latter being ontology, which is the relative symmetry of ontology and cosmology.

Marxist philosophy.

Dialectical materialism is not adopted in opposition to ontology and epistemology, or ontology to cosmology.

Illustrate the whole problem of philosophy.

Introduction:

In practical applications, ontologists, knowledge management, artificial intelligence, information science (library science), and even any department and field with a large amount of information that needs to be classified and divided can become the application objects of ontology.

The basic element of ontology is the term concept, which in turn constitutes homogenization.

class, and then add appropriate relations between classes and concepts to form a simple ontology. Concepts and classes are used to express the vocabulary itself, while relationships provide mapping to the vocabulary and add constraints to make it conform to reality.

The most commonly used software for building ontologies is from Stanford University.

Protege, which was originally developed for use in the medical field, has been gradually expanded to other fields, and the software itself is also open source software.

Ontology has evolved from ontology, which is an improvement of ontology.

Ontology: A term used to express philosophical theories. In the history of Western philosophy and the history of Chinese philosophy, they each have their own meanings.

In the history of Western philosophy, it refers to the doctrine of existence and its nature and laws. The word "ontology" comes from the Latin on (to exist, to be, to be) and ontos (to be).

The German scholastic scholar Gockranniu (1547-1628) used the term "ontology" for the first time in his writings, interpreting it as synonymous with metaphysics. Some philosophical schools in the modern West detach themselves from the objective material world and talk about the existence and nature of the world from abstract concepts, separating ontology from epistemology and logic, and taking it as the basis or independent branch of all philosophy.

The original theory: the original is virtual, the original is real, and stillness produces emptiness. Movement produces solidity.

There are two basic trajectories of motion: straight line and circumference. Linear motion shows energy, and circular motion shows space. Linear motion and circular motion can be converted into each other, and can be combined with each other at the same time, which produces the mutual transformation of space and energy and the irregular change of motion trajectory.

As a result, different shapes and states are produced. Closing the circular motion produces stillness, that is to say, void.

Ontology is the study of which nouns represent real existential entities and which nouns only represent a concept in the concept of human creation, and study the nature of existence.

Primordialism is the attribution of the cause of all existence to an absolute being, such as Buddha, Tao, Yin and Yang, Spirit, Heart, God, in other words, truth, which exists in all existence.

Ontology is the theory of "reality" or "being". As mentioned earlier, many contemporary philosophers prefer to use the term "metaphysics" to refer to the issues discussed in this article rather than the term "ontology." However, by looking at the glossary, you will see that I see metaphysics as a very large category, and its subject matter goes even beyond the scope of ontology.

The big problems with ontology are:

What is real and what is just appearance?

Is there a theory that can distinguish between reality and appearance, and explain everything that exists at the same time, or is the distinction between reality and appearance always contextual, a temporary, informal distinction?

In historical order, the ontological issues discussed can be summarized as follows:

Monism: The belief that there is only one entity, or only one thing, is real.

Dualism: The belief that there are two types of entities or two realities that cannot be reduced to each other.

Pluralism: The idea that although science attempts to reduce all the parts of an entity to more fundamental elements, common sense rightly tells us that entities are made up of a variety of different realities.

Nothingness: The belief that nothing is real (sometimes nothingness as a moral dogma is the belief that nothing deserves to exist).

Inadvertently, we witness a considerable part of the ontological discourse, since most epistemologists define knowledge in terms of its objects, which are entities (such as Plato's ideas and Berkeley's sensory materials). As we have seen, Plato, Descartes, and Locke should all be regarded as dualists. Berkeley's idealism is monism.

If we examine the list of ontological categories from the perspective of the famous "man on the street", it seems most unlikely that it is nihilism. Everyday experience tells us that something exists. You'll be pleased to hear that all philosophers agree with the "people on the street" on this issue (except probably the ancient Greek philosopher Anaximander, whose views can be summed up as moral nihilism:

It's not that nothing exists, but that nothing deserves to exist, because existence itself is an offense, perhaps an offense to the idea of perfect nothingness).

People on the Street" reminds us of what we were told in high school physics class that everything is made up of atoms. Is this monism? But most of the "people on the street" will hold a pluralistic view, because they know that there are many kinds of things:

Dogs, dreams, guns, ......and others. But these can all be reduced to a combination of physical or spiritual entities (imagine that a dog is something like a real dog, but not very much like it). In this case, pluralism may be true.

If we want to discuss the ontology of dualism, we would like to start with René Descartes of the 17th century. Descartes defended radical dualism as a central part of his ontology, which confronted some big problems in the dualistic philosophical picture.

The basic point of view of materialism:

On the basic issues of philosophy, he advocated that matter is the first nature, spirit is the second nature, the origin of the world is matter, and spirit is the projection and reflection of matter. It is a fundamental view of ontology in philosophy.