Psychology and Life is a paragraph on Feelings, and there is an experiment in that chapter that has

At first glance, it is indeed a wonderful psychological problem, but it is actually quite simple to analyze it carefully. Pay attention to the conditions first"Faint lights"It is intended to show that even for people who are very self-centered and decisive, they cannot make decisive decisions, which determines that the judgment of the subject is mainly determined by the guidance of the subject and the experimental conditions, that is, it tends to make rational judgments. There are four possible outcomes for participants in the first stage:

1) $5 for correctly judging that there is a light (2) Misjudging the presence of a light will result in a fine of $2 (3) Correctly judging that there is no light shall not be fined (4) Misjudging the absence of a light will result in a penalty of $2. In every judgment, 1 4 is 1 4 in each case, and people tend to like money, which one would you choose? Of course it's (1), the second stage is the same, of course, it's more advantageous to choose "no, no lights".

That's why there are more people in the first stage who say "yes, there are lights", and in the second stage, there are more people who say "no, no lights". Got it? The reason why it is called a psychological problem is no longer related to how wonderful its results are, but to the psychological cognition of the thinking process.

This is an experimental example to illustrate that there are deviations between the responses of the participants, and that there are often some experimental characteristics of the participants (subject variables, also known as body variables) that can affect the outcome of the experiment. (This is what you will talk about when you talk about the types of independent variables in experimental psychology, I don't know if you have learned it.) This book was written here to illustrate that often the results of experiments are not the objective reactions of the subjects, but by some differences in the subjects, which cause the results to be not the same as expected.

The authors show here that there are often response biases in sensation or other experiments.

For example, if the experimental treatment and experimental reward and punishment system of the first and second stages of the main test show are the same, then the experimental results should be the same and there should be no significant differences. The results were not the same as those of the first and second phases. In the first stage, the participant often says "no" because the subject does not understand the situation of the experiment, that is, he tends to be more conservative and rational when making decisions.

Because the subject does not know that there is a light in the "yes", the main test will give him a bonus. $5) This is also a psychological phenomenon. So in the first stage, the participants are willing to say "no" (if the subject is correct, there is no reward, and the penalty is $2 for the mistake).

This phenomenon is a mental stereotype.

The author's purpose in writing the book is not to write about this psychological phenomenon specifically, but to show through psychological phenomena that there will be various reaction biases in the subjects during the experiment. This example is given to illustrate this. In fact, the thinking of foreign people writing books is very direct, and you don't have to think about it more complicated.

Because the book is translated, the author's thinking should be linear. It's just that in the process of translating, we felt that it was particularly awkward to read. Not in our logic.

Hehe! If you are very good at English, it is recommended that you read the original version directly, and this phenomenon will not exist.

If you still don't understand, contact me!

Hello, I just read the answer of the classmate upstairs, and I think the explanation is too complicated, so I'll give you an example, you can understand it at a glance, and you don't need to explain too much.

Soviet social psychologistBowarev studied the role of stereotypes in the perception of people, and he presented the same person to two groups of college students. Before the presentation, tell the participants in group 1 that the person on the ** who will be shown is a criminal who is not afraid to do so.

Tell the second group that he is a big scientist. Then let the two groups of trial characters depict the appearance and characteristics of the Venerable Master. Group 1 participants rated as follows:

The deep-set eyes testify to the hatred in his heart, the protruding chin proves his determination to follow the path of crime to the end, and so on. The evaluation of the second group of participants was as follows: deep-set eyes indicate the depth of thought, protruding chin indicates the willpower to overcome difficulties on the road of understanding, and so on.

It's a natural phenomenon ... It's the psychological factor of people ... If you care, you are fooled.

Summary. I feel uncomfortable in the crowd, because my eyes always look at the eyes of others, and I always feel that others will observe some of my small shortcomings, so I feel uncomfortable, which is an effect in psychology, so I am affected.

4.Tell me about a psychological experiment or psychological effect that has impressed you since studying psychology.

Hello, I am the emotional fairy sister, waiting patiently for me.

I feel uncomfortable in the crowd, because my eyes always look at the eyes of others, and I always feel that I will let others observe some of my small shortcomings, so I feel uncomfortable taking the source to eliminate the number, which is an effect in psychology, so it is affected.

Summary. One of the most profound theories is the eye of the typhoon effect.

This effect means that people at the center of a disaster are less panicked than those in low-risk areas around the disaster. It will affect the judgment of risk areas** and thus affect the decision-making of relevant departments on the handling of the disaster.

For example, in the month of lockdown after the outbreak of the epidemic in Wuhan, the feelings of citizens in the provinces and cities around Wuhan were very mixed, and at that time, because they did not know about the virus, people's anxiety and fear levels were quite high. In contrast, at that time, we saw many reports that a large part of Wuhan citizens did not pay much attention to this matter, in addition to actively cooperating with the epidemic prevention work, they should still drink tea and drink tea, and they should rub mahjong and mahjong.

This made people in the surrounding areas wonder: Are the people of Wuhan so calm?

3.Please briefly describe a psychological theory that stood out to you in this course and how you used it in real life.

Hello hello, it's a pleasure for me to ask this question, this question needs a little time to sort out, please wait a while, okay.

One of the most profound theories of OK is the eye of the typhoon effect. This effect means that people at the center of a disaster are less panicked than those in low-risk areas around the disaster. It will affect the judgment of risk areas** and thus affect the decision-making of relevant departments on the handling of the disaster.

For example, in the first few months of lockdown in Wuhan, the only remaining citizens in the provinces and cities around Wuhan had mixed feelings, and because they did not know about the virus at that time, people's anxiety and fear levels were quite high. In contrast, at that time, we saw many reports that a large part of Wuhan citizens did not pay much attention to this matter, in addition to actively cooperating with the epidemic prevention work, it was still time to drink tea and tea, and to rub mahjong and mahjong.

This made people in the surrounding areas wonder: Are the people of Wuhan so calm?

After learning this theory, I learned that this is not the fault of Wuhan people, but the psychological eye of the typhoon effect at work: individuals in low-risk areas who do not know the real situation will exaggerate or distort the impact of disasters, and those who have been in contact with disasters are more objective in their judgment of disasters, and they tend to underestimate the possibility of low-probability events. In the recent period of several small-scale epidemics, although the risk areas are in place, the traffic restrictions are usually not strict enough, but the traffic restrictions in the surrounding provinces and cities are stricter than the local ones.

Friends Jane. It's cold, so keep warm! Hope you are satisfied, thank you! I wish you all the best!

Summary. The terrorist attacks in Paris have stirred up people's fears, and perhaps a 1950's psychological experiment could try to explain why different organizations are in conflict with each other, and even wars.

In this experiment, two groups of 11-year-old boys, known as the "Eagles" and the "Snakes," were taken to summer camp. The two groups of boys were initially separated for a few weeks, and each developed a friendship during their time together. When the two groups of boys are finally organized to play together, the two groups do not merge with each other, and they get into a conflict, and the two groups of boys start to insult each other's members.

The conflict between them intensified, and they even refused to eat together in the end.

Title +4What psychological experiments do you know? How was the research carried out?

The terrorist attacks in Paris have stirred up people's fears, and perhaps a 1950's psychological experiment could try to explain why different organizations are in conflict with each other, and even wars. In this experiment, two groups of 11-year-old boys, known as the "Eagles" and the "Snakes," were taken to summer camp. The two groups of boys were initially separated for a few weeks, and each developed a friendship during their time together.

When the two groups of boys were finally brought together by the organization, the two groups did not merge with each other, pointing out that they had a violent argument, and the two groups of boys began to insult each other's team members. The conflict between them intensified, and they even refused to eat together in the end.

The researchers then tried to resolve the conflict in different ways: (1) arranging two groups of boys to play some casual games together, and (2) arranging a task that required two groups of boys to complete together, and the experiment resulted in only the second method. When the boys work together to complete a task, the conflict between them is eased.

So, perhaps, when all human beings face a challenge that needs to be solved together, we will return to peace.

The researchers then tried to resolve the conflict in different ways: (1) arranging two groups of boys to play some casual games together, and (2) arranging a task that required two groups of boys to complete together, and the experiment resulted in only the second method. When the boys work together to complete a task, the conflict between them is eased.

So, perhaps, when all human beings face a challenge that needs to be solved together, we will return to peace.

Personally, I think that all psychological experiments are limited, although the selection of personnel is random, but the more this is the case, the more it is impossible to guarantee that the psychological situation of each individual is different, everyone is an independent individual, and it is a wrong behavior to use some people's psychological experiments to judge all the psychology of indiscriminate celebrations.

Impression management is the process by which individuals control and regulate information in a certain way to influence others to form impressions, attitudes, and opinions about themselves. Impression management is a social skill. Common strategies are:

1.Manage yourself according to social norms.

For example, people believe that appearance can reflect a person's mental state, and appearance is the easiest to be perceived by others, so they often pay attention to grooming appearance, especially in front of the opposite sex.

2.Hiding oneself and exalting oneself.

An individual's true self may not be popular with others and the public, but in order for others to have a good impression of themselves and establish good interpersonal relationships, individuals often hide their true self, like putting on a "mask"; At the same time, through various methods to elevate oneself, let others feel that they are excellent in general or special aspects, and can also leave a good impression on others. People who elevate themselves tend to admit certain small shortcomings in themselves in order to become confident when they elevate certain important aspects.

3.Manage yourself according to social expectations and make your behavior conform to the social norms of your role.

For example, a teacher acts in front of a student that is consistent with the teacher's role in society.

4.Cast your favor.

In order to get praise from others and leave a good impression, individuals often do what they like, and adopt means such as self-exposure, conformity, flattery, and favors.