Muscle start and end point, muscle start and end point?

Muscles related to the spine:

Rectus abdominis: from: superior edge of symphysis pubis.

Stop: The cartilage of the ribs.

External oblique abdominal: from: the outer edge of the last 8 ribs.

Stop: Abdominal linea, pelvis, aponeurosis lata.

Internal oblique muscle: from: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest,

Stop: Abdominal white line, pubic crest, and last 3 ribs.

Transverse abdominis muscles: from: thoracolumbar fascia, cartilage of the last 6 ribs, iliac crest.

Stop: Abdominal white line, pubic crest.

Erector spinous muscle: from: sacrum.

Stop: occipital bone, transverse and spinous processes of all vertebrae, rib bone angle.

Scapular muscles.

Trapezius muscles: from the occipital bone, the 7th cervical vertebra and all thoracic vertebrae.

End: acromion, scapular spine, extraclavicle trianth.

Rhomboids: from: spinous processes of the 7th cervical vertebra and 1st thoracic vertebra (small); (Large) 2nd 5th thoracic vertebra spinous process: inner border of the scapula.

Serratus anterior: from the lateral surface of 8 or 9 muscular bones.

Stop: The entire anterior surface of the scapula, close to the side (medial) of the spine.

Shoulder related muscles :

Teres minor: from: lateral border behind the shoulder blades.

Stop: The greater tuberosity of the humerus, located below the attachment point of the subspinosus muscle.

Teres major: from: the lower corner behind the shoulder blades.

Stop: A small tubercle on the papillary surface of the humerus, fused with the latissimus dorsi tendon.

Latissimus dorsi: from the last 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, the last 3 4 ribs, iliac crest and subscapular angle of the humerus.

Pectoralis major muscle: from the clavicle, sternum, 1 6th intercostal cartilage and external oblique muscle of the aponeurosis: the greater tuberosity of the humerus.

Deltoid muscles: from: the outer third of the clavicle, acromion and scapular spine.

Stop: carrotuberus deltoid tuberosity.

Elbow related muscles:

Biceps: from: brasiloid process, supraglenoid tubercle of long head and labral closure: radial tuberosity.

Brachialus muscle: from: anterior to the distal end of the humerus.

Stop: coronoid process of the ulna and elbow capsule.

Triceps: from: the subglenoid tubercle of the long cephalic head, the posterior radial nerve sulcus of the medial head, and the greater tubercle behind the lateral humerus.

Stop: olecranon process of the ulna.

Muscles related to the hip joint.

Gluteus maximus: from the fascia of the iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, and spinous muscles.

Stop: iliotibial band of fascia lata and gluteal tuberosity of the femur.

Knee related muscles:

Quadriceps femora: anterior inferior rectiac spine, anterolateral surface of the femoral media, greater trochanteric and femoral crest, internal femoral crest.

Stop: Attach the patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity.

Femoral biceps: from: long ischial tuberosity, short cephalic femoral crest.

Stop: fibular head and lateral tibial condyle.

Semitendinosus muscle: rising: ischial tuberosity.

Stop: medial aspect of the tibia.

Semimembranosus: rising: ischial tuberosity.

Stop: The medial tibia is a condyle.

The ankle joint is related to the muscles.

Gastrocnemius muscle: from: medial malleolus of the lateral femoral spines, ankle capsule.

Stop: Attaches to the calcaneus with the Achilles tendon.

Flocbut muscle: from: fibular head and medial border of tibia.

Stop: Attaches to the calcaneus bone with the Achilles tendon.

Tibialis anterior muscle: from: tibial body and its lateral malleolus.

Stop: the first phalanx and the first contractual.

The muscle start and end point is the attachment point of the tendons at both ends of the muscle to the bone. Here are the starting and ending points of several common muscles:

1. Trapezius muscle.

Location: Neck and dorsal upper part are subcutaneous, one side is triangular, and the two sides are obliquely square.

Starting points: superior neckline, external occipital convexity, elbowial ligament, spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra, all thoracic vertebra spinous processes and their supraspinous ligaments.

Insertions: lateral clavicle 1 3, acromion and scapula.

Function: During near-fixation, the upper muscle fibers contract, causing the scapula to be raised, rotated and retracted; The middle muscle fibers contract, causing the scapula to retract; The lower muscle fibers contract, causing the scapula to descend, to rotate upward, and to retract. In distal fixation, one side of the muscle fiber contracts, causing the head to flex ipsilaterally and rotate contralaterally; Contraction on both sides to extend the spine.

2. Latissimus dorsi.

Location: Subcutaneous on the lower back and posterolateral aspect of the chest.

Starting point: the 7th and 12th thoracic vertebrae and all lumbar vertebrae spinous processes, the median sacral crest, the posterior iliac crest, and the lateral surface of the 10th 12th cost.

Insertion: humeral lesser tubercular crest.

Function: When near fixation, the shoulder joint is extended, adducted and internally rotated. When immobilized distally, pull the torso closer to the upper arm and assist with inhalation.

3. Rhomboid.

Location: deep trapezius muscle.

Starting point: cervical vertebra and 1st 4th thoracic vertebra spinous process.

Insertion: medial border of the scapula.

Function: When near fixation, the scapula is raised, retracted and rotated downward. In distal fixation, both sides are contracted, allowing the thoracic segment of the spine to be extended.

4. Erector spinae.

Location: Both sides of the spine, composed of three parts: spinos, longissimus and iliocostalis muscles.

Starting point: dorsal sacrum, posterior iliac crest, lumbar spinous process, and thoracolumbar fascia.

Insertions: spinous and transverse processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, temporal mastoid process, and costal angle.

Function: During inferior fixation, one side is contracted, so that the spine is flexed to the ipsilateral side; Contraction on both sides so that the head and spine are extended. When the upper fixation is performed, the pelvis is tilted anteriorly.

5. Pectoralis major muscle.

Location: Subcutaneous in the upper part of the chest.

Starting point: medial half of the clavicle, anterior sternum and 1st 6th costal cartilage, and upper anterior wall of the rectus abdominis sheath.

Insertion: greater tuberosity crest of the humerus.

Function: When near fixation, the shoulder joint is flexed, horizontally flexed, adducted and internally rotated. When the torso is fixed distantly, pull the torso closer to the upper arm and lift the ribs to help you inhale.

In order to effectively remember the starting and ending points of muscles, it is necessary to be proficient in bone signs, muscle functions, etc.

It is the attachment point of the tendons at both ends of the muscle to the bone.

For example: 1. Trunk muscles.

The trunk muscles include the dorsal, pectoral, diaphragm, abdominal, and perineal muscles.

The dorsal muscles are divided into two layers: superficial and deep. The superficial dorsi muscles include trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboids. The deep dorsal muscles are divided into the longus dorsi and the brevis dorsi.

The longus dorsi muscles include the erector spinae and the splints. The dorsi brevis muscle includes the transverse spinous muscle, the interspinous muscle, and the transverse interspinous muscle (including the hemispinous muscle, the circumflex muscle, and the multifidus muscle).

The pectoral muscles are divided into the upper pectoralis muscles and the pectoral propria. The upper pectoralis muscles include pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, etc. The pectoral muscles propria include the external intercostal muscles, the internal intercostal muscles, and the transverse pectoralis muscles.

The abdominal muscles include the rectus abdominis muscle, the external oblique muscle, the internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and the quadratus lumbos muscle of the posterior abdominal wall.

2. Upper limb muscles.

The upper limb muscles include the shoulder girdle muscles, upper arm muscles, forearm muscles, and hand muscles.

The shoulder girdle muscles arise from the clavicle and scapula and end at the humerus. These include the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis and teres major. Among them, the tendons of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles together form a structure called the "tendon cuff" (also known as the "rotator cuff"), which has the effect of reinforcing and protecting the shoulder joint.

The upper arm muscles surround the humerus and are divided into two groups: anterior and posterior. The anterior group (flexor muscles) includes the biceps, coracobrachial, and brachialis muscles. The posterior group (extensor muscles) includes the triceps and elbow muscles.

The forearm muscles are highly differentiated, mostly long muscles with long tendons, which are divided into two groups, anterior and posterior, and each group is divided into two layers: shallow and deep. The anterior muscles are located anterior and medial to the forearm, and the posterior muscles are located behind and outside the forearm. The superficial layer of the anterior muscles mainly includes brachioradialis muscle, pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris.

The superficial layer of the posterior muscles mainly includes the extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis and ulnar carpi extensoris muscle.

It is the attachment point of the tendons at both ends of the muscle to the bone.

The two ends of the muscle are usually connected to two or more bones, and when the muscle contracts, one of the bones connected to the muscle is relatively fixed, and the other is relatively fixed, and the other is relatively fixed, and the other is called the insertion.

1.Frontalis – The frontalis muscle is directly connected to the occipital muscle by the gauntlet aponeurosis. Therefore, whether the occipital muscle, the frontalis muscle, or both parts are tense, it can cause a feeling of tension throughout the scalp. The frontalis muscle, which is partially attached to the orbicularis oculi muscle, is often associated with headaches.

Muscle connection: above, to the gauntlid aponeurosis. Below, to the surface of the eyebrow**, and partly to the orbicularis oculi muscle and the base of the nose.

2.Occipital muscle – The occipital muscle is directly connected to the frontalis muscle by the gaunt aponeurosis.

Muscle connection: above, to the gauntlid aponeurosis. Below, to the supraoccipital neckline.

3.orbicularis oculi muscle.

Muscle connections: medial, medial palpebral ligaments, frontal and maxillary bones, and eyelid tissues. Superior medial, to the orbit.

4.Zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor muscles – The zygomaticus major and zygomatic minor muscles are the main laughing muscles.

Muscle connection: above, to the cheekbones. Below, to the tissues of the corners of the mouth, it fuses with the orbicularis oris muscle fibers.

5.Temporalis – The temporalis muscle is a large scalloped muscle that covers the front, top, and back of the ear on the side of the head. All patients complaining of headaches or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems should have their temporal muscles examined and examined.

Muscle connection: the bone and fascia above the zygomatic arch to the temporal fossa. Below, to the coronoid process of the mandible and the anterior border of the mandibular ramus.

6.Masseter muscles – The masseter muscles are the most important masticatory muscles. When there is a problem with the TMJ, the first thing that should be the masseter muscle should be **.

Muscle connections: upper, maxillary zygomatic process and zygomatic arch. Below, superficial masseter muscle to the outer surface of the mandibular angle and the inferior half of the mandibular ramus;

The masseter muscle extends deep to the upper half of the mandibular ramus and may extend to the mandibular angle.

7.Sternocleidomastoid – The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle with two heads whose main function is to stabilize, rotate, and flex the head and neck. All patients complaining of headache should have the sternocleidomastoid muscle carefully examined. Its two heads are the sternal head and the clavicle head.

Muscle connection: superior to lateral aspect of the mastoid process and lateral to the supraoccipital neckline1 2

Below: sternal head: anterior surface of sternal stalkClavicle: medial 1 3 of the anterior surface of the clavicle.

8.Scalene muscles – We are familiar with scalene muscles because of its tendency to cause pain. It also acts as an unsuitable accessory muscle during abnormal breathing. Most people have this muscle problem.

The term thoracic exit is used to refer to the entire area defined by the scalene muscle and the first rib, or to the pathway between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. The axillary artery (subclavian artery) and brachial plexus pass between these two muscles on the way to the upper arm and then between the first rib and clavicle.

I think you're asking a very good question!

Based on my clinical experience, the strength of the starting point and the insertion point is mostly related to function. The direction of muscle contraction is actually the same thing, what do you want to do, what function you need, you will choose your body to make movements according to the function you need.

For example, when we sit and straighten our knees, we move the tibia of the calf on the femur, but when we walk, do we have to move the femur of your thigh to the tibia of the calf every time we take a step?

My personal clinical thinking logic is to evaluate according to the functional needs of each case, because the human body is created to solve problems, and people naturally need to move our limbs and use additional appliances or assistive devices to help us complete the task in order to solve the problems around us.

The above language is simply goal-oriented, and I think everyone should have heard this way to set the training content for the nerves on the way to learning

There is actually a concept that can be answered to your question: the open chain action and the closed chain action.

The open-chain action is the "sitting deep knee" that I used as an analogy above, and in simpler terms, it is the "pulling" action. The action of pulling includes: picking, lifting, lifting, retracting, hooking and other words, usually the core is fixed, the limbs are moving; The closed-chain action is the action of the thigh femur on the tibia when walking, which is simply the action of pushing, and also includes:

Standing up and pushing away, usually the limbs are fixed and the core is moved. The diagram below illustrates this concept very clearly.

For the specific definition, you can go to exercise physiology and check the articles related to the structural characteristics of muscles.

Clinical Core Test Points: 01 Anatomy 02 Muscle 03 The starting and ending positions and functions of trapezius and latissimus dorsi.