The characteristics of the integration of science and technology, how to understand the characterist

The integration of science and technology mainly presents the following characteristics:

First of all, the integration of science and technology means that science and technology are becoming more and more closely integrated. In the modern scientific architecture, basic science, technical science, and engineering science are all systematic knowledge, and they are interrelated and permeable in the discipline structure. In the same way, in the architecture of modern technology, experimental technology, basic technology, and industrial technology all contain experience and skills, all use tools and machines, and all contain knowledge.

This trend of integration of science and technology is not only manifested in the cross-integration of science and technology at the micro level, but also in the interconnection and coordinated development of the entire scientific and technological field at the macro level.

Second, the integration of science and technology is also manifested in the integration of science and technology and the economy. This integration trend is reflected in neoclassical economics, which believes that science and technology are endogenous variables in the economic system, and the introduction of such endogenous variables changes the macro characteristics of the economic system and also changes the social function of science and technology itself. In the accounting formula for economic growth, labor and capital are endogenous variables of economic growth in the traditional sense, but the study of economic growth in developed countries shows that the growth of the total national income of these countries minus the growth of these factor inputs, there is a large "balance", and this "balance" can be attributed to the progress of science and technology to a large extent.

Finally, the integration of science and technology is also manifested in the quantitative characterization and measurement of scientific and technological progress. For example, in the thirties of the 20th century, mathematician Charles Cobb and economist Bauer Douglas proposed an unconstrained form of the production function, distinguishing between different factors that lead to economic growth. On this basis, the American economist Solow proposed the growth rate equation in the 50s, in which the role of scientific and technological progress can be quantitatively measured.

The application of these methods provides a relatively convenient way to study science and technology and economic growth.

To sum up, the integration of science and technology is manifested in the close connection and mutual promotion between science, technology and economy, and this integration trend promotes the development of scientific and technological progress and promotes sustained economic growth.

First, the integration of science and technology and the economy should be depicted in a quantitative way.

Second, the innovation theory reveals the micro and macro transformation mechanism of the integration of science and technology and economy, and dynamically illustrates science.

Third, the modern result of the integrated development of science and technology and the economy is the emergence of the so-called network economy.

The way to understand the characteristics of the integration of science and technology is as follows:

With the continuous development of science and technology, the transformation between science and technology has become faster and faster, almost to the extent of integration, which makes it more and more difficult to distinguish between science and technology, and even formed an "integration". That is, the convergence of science and technology. The integration of science, technology, and production is a new trend in the development of production in contemporary society.

Since the beginning of the 20 th century, especially since the 50 s, with the large-scale transformation of science into direct productive forces, the original form and content of social production have undergone tremendous changes, and the most profound thing in its spring is that the combination of science, technology, and production has become closer and closer. A new trend of integrating the three has been formed.

Integration of science and technology development: With the development of modern science and technology, there is a trend of high degree of integration of disciplines while making them highly differentiated. The mutual penetration and integration of natural science and social science have led to the emergence of a "powerful trend of natural science rushing to social science" as Lenin said, such as electronic computer science and remote sensing technology have penetrated into the field of archaeology and exploration, and the accurate location and capacity of ancient underground ruins and underground treasures have been explored.

Integration of science-technology-production: Due to the development of science and technology, a large number of emerging technologies have been applied to production and made production scientific. Therefore, compared with the previous two, the characteristics of this new scientific and technological revolution are more clear:

From the liberation of physical strength to the liberation of mental power; It has developed from a single technological revolution to a multi-technology and comprehensive technology revolution.

In the history of mankind, science and technology have gone through several divergences. Science and technology originated from the social production practice of human beings, which was originally intrinsically unified, but with the development of productive forces, there was a division of labor between mental labor and physical labor, and some people were separated from simple manual labor and specialized in politics, religion, art, philosophy and other activities, and science and technology have since parted ways (at this time, natural science has not yet been separated from the natural philosophy system, so science here not only refers to natural science, but also includes humanities and social sciences), and scientific activities are undertaken by scholars. The technical research is in the hands of the craftsmen. In ancient times, science had little influence on technology, whether it was agricultural technology under natural economic conditions, or the handicraft technology of artisans, it was mastered and accumulated by experience, and at that time there were few technologies characterized by the application of science, but only crafts, skills - although these experiences could have developed to an astonishing level.

It was not until the first half of the 19th century that the practical application of science began to show its effectiveness after the emergence of modern natural science in the second half of the 15th century (the publication of Copernicus's Treatise on the Movement of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543 marked the separation of modern natural science from natural philosophy). As Marx said: It is only under the conditions of capitalism that practical problems that can only be solved by the scientific method are produced for the first time, and for the first time the scale that makes the application of science possible and necessary, science acquires its use as a means of enrichment, invention becomes a special profession, science becomes a factor in the production process, and the production process becomes the application of science.

After the 15th century, scientific experimental activities were integrated into scientific research, which made the connection between science and practice increasingly close, and also made the production function of science gradually manifested. F. Bacon was an advocate of the idea that theory should be combined with practical thought. In his book "New Tools", he proposed that "knowledge is power" and actively advocated the unity of knowledge and power.

However, before the second industrial revolution, the connection between scientific progress and technological innovation has been very weak, science really played its leading role after the second industrial revolution, if there is no Oster, Faraday and others on the law of magnetoelectric conversion, without the internal combustion engine four-stroke working principle proposed, the second industrial revolution is simply impossible. As Bernard said in his book Science in History, since the Second Industrial Revolution, technological progress in chemistry, electricity, and public health has clearly relied on advances in chemistry, physics, and biological sciences.

It is the characteristic of the development of modern science and technologyHuang ShunjiThe characteristics of the development of modern science and technology are manifested in four changes: 1. The transformation of science from indirect productive forces to direct productive forces. This process of transformation began with the integration of the natural sciences into the production process by the great machine industry.

Now, this transformation process is more rapid, and an extremely important intermediate link in the transformation process, that is, technology, has emerged, forming a process of "science-technology-production" integration. 2 The transition from small science to big science. Since the second half of the 15th century, natural science began to be independent and continue to differentiate, to the middle of the 19th century, the three major discoveries of natural science opened the prelude to science from differentiation to synthesis, in the middle of the 20th century, the development of a variety of disciplines to jointly tackle the trend, it marks the advent of the era of big science.

3. From the natural sciences to the social sciences. After the Second World War, with the development of the new technological revolution, the natural sciences penetrated into the social sciences through the technical sciences, the most obvious is that Taylor applied the observation and experimental methods in the natural sciences to the action research and time research of the workers' operation process in the large-scale production of machines, and introduced science into the management process, thus creating scientific management. Later, it developed into a management science that straddles the natural, technical and social sciences.

At present, the trend of moving from natural sciences to social sciences continues. 4. Shift from traditional technology to new technology and high technology. This was based on Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in the late 19th century, and it was based on electric power technology and radio communication technology.

At present, the new technological revolution is further changing the mode of production and the industrial structure of society.