What is the basis for the division of rocks? What are the classifications and characteristics of roc

Fossil rocks. Rocks are naturally occurring assemblages of minerals or glass with a stable appearance[1], which are combined in a certain way. It is the material basis that makes up the earth's crust and upper mantle.

According to the genesis, it is divided into magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Among them, magmatic rocks are rocks formed by the condensation of high-temperature molten magma on the surface or underground, also known as igneous rocks or ejecta rocks. Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed by the transport, sedimentation and diagenetic consolidation of the products of weathering, biological and volcanic processes under surface conditions through the transport, sedimentation and diagenetic consolidation of external forces such as water, air and glaciers. Metamorphic rocks are pre-formed magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks that are formed by metamorphism due to changes in the geological environment in which they are located.

The deep crust and the upper part of the upper mantle are mainly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Igneous and metamorphic rocks account for 95% of the volume within 16 km down from the surface. The surface of the earth's crust is dominated by sedimentary rocks, which occupy about 75% of the continental area, and the ocean floor is almost entirely covered by sediments.

Petrology mainly studies the material composition, structure, structure, classification and naming, formation conditions, distribution rules, genesis, metallogenic relationship and rock evolution process of rocks. It is an important basic discipline in geological science.

Classification and characteristics of rocks:

1. Igneous rocks.

Igneous rocks are rocks formed by the cooling of lava or magma. About 700 types of igneous rocks have been discovered, most of which are formed below the surface of the earth's crust, and their properties vary according to their chemical composition, temperature and pressure at the time of formation. The Bouux's reaction series describes the crystallization of igneous rocks of different chemical compositions at different temperatures and pressures.

2. Sedimentary rocks.

Also known as aqueous rocks. Under the conditions of normal temperature and pressure on the surface, layered rocks are formed by the transportation, sedimentation and diagenesis of weathered materials, volcanic detritus, organic matter and a small amount of cosmic materials. Sedimentary rocks are composed of particulate matter and cemented material.

Particulate matter refers to rock chips of different shapes and sizes and certain minerals, and the main components of cemented materials are calcium carbonate, silicon oxide, iron oxide and clay.

3. Metamorphic rocks.

Rocks formed by metamorphism of the original rocks. According to the different types of metamorphism, metamorphic rocks can be divided into five categories: dynamic metamorphic rocks, contact metamorphic rocks, regional metamorphic rocks, mixed rocks and metasomatic metamorphic rocks.

Common metamorphic rocks include mylonite, clastic rock, hornstone, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite, amphibole, schist, dolerite, mixed rock, etc. Metamorphic rocks occupy the volume of the crust.

Formation of rocks.

At the beginning of the formation of the earth, the gravitational pull of the earth's core sucked the dust in the universe, and the condensed dust became rocks. The rocks have been weathered and turned into rocks. Then it becomes a meteorite, which is a stony, iron, or a mixture of stone and iron that is free from outer space when it does not fall into the Earth's atmosphere; If it falls into the atmosphere, it falls to the ground without being burned up by the atmosphere, and it becomes the meteorite we usually see.

To put it simply, the so-called meteorite is the debris left behind by a miniature version of an asteroid that "hit the earth".

According to its genesis, it can be divided into three categories: magmatic rocks (igneous rocks), sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Among them, magma can be divided into intrusive rocks and ejecta rocks (volcanic rocks). It mainly includes granite, diorite, gabbro, diabase, basalt, etc.

Ancient rocks are found in crystalline substrates in the interior of the continents. The representative rocks are mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. These rocks have been transformed into metamorphic rocks rich in chlorite and hornblende, commonly known as greenstones, due to intense metamorphism.

For example, granitic gneiss with an isotopic age of about 3.8 billion years was discovered in West Greenland in 1973. In 1979, Batun et al. determined the age of gneiss in the middle of the Bobolin Belt in South Africa to be about 3.9 billion years old.

Metamorphic rocks in northern Canada:

The metamorphic rock of northern Canada, the Arcas card gneiss, is part of a well-preserved ancient Earth's surface. Radiometric dating shows that the Arcas gneiss is nearly 4 billion years old, suggesting that some continental material existed hundreds of millions of years after the formation of the Earth.

Based on the results of isotopic analysis of the zircon mineral crystals contained therein, it is indicated that they are about 4.3 billion to 4.4 billion years old, making them the oldest samples of rocks found on Earth to date, and it can be inferred from this discovery that these rocks were formed when there were already continents and oceans on Earth.

200 million to 300 million years after the birth of the Earth, it may not be covered by red-hot magma, as is believed, but has cooled enough to form a solid surface and ocean. The Earth's stratigraphic differentiation may have been completed 4.4 billion years ago.

There are three main types of rocks – magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

Subdivided again: magmatic rocks are divided into ejective rocks and intrusive rocks: common ejecta rocks are basalt, andesite and rhyolite, and common intrusive rocks are granite.

Common sedimentary rocks are sandstone, conglomerate, shale and limestone, and sedimentary rocks have two major characteristics - one is bedding and the other is fossil.

Common metamorphic rocks are slate, gneiss, marble and quartzite.

According to the genesis, it is divided into: magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

1.Magmatic rocks are rocks formed by the condensation of hot molten magma on the surface or underground.

2.Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed by the transport, sedimentation and diagenetic consolidation of the products of weathering, biological and volcanic processes under surface conditions through the transport, sedimentation and diagenetic consolidation of external forces such as water, air and glaciers.

3.Metamorphic rocks are pre-formed magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks that are formed by metamorphism due to changes in the geological environment in which they are located.

The current high school geography divides rocks into three categories: magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

Magmatic rocks are divided into ejecta rocks - such as basalt and intrusive rocks--- such as granite Common sedimentary rocks are sandstone, conglomerate, shale and limestone, sedimentary rocks have two major characteristics - one is bedded and the other is fossilized.

Common metamorphic rocks are marble (formed by limestone metamorphism by high temperatures) and slate (formed by extrusion and metamorphism of shale).

Rocks are divided into: magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

Rock classification: It refers to the geological body formed by the collection of rock-forming minerals according to a certain structure, which can be divided into three categories: magmatic rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock according to its genesis. Magmatic rocks, also known as igneous rocks, are formed by the condensation of magma beneath the earth's crust after rising along the weak zone of the earth's crust and invading the earth's crust or ejecting out of the earth's surface.

Magmatic Rock Features:

1. Magmatic rocks have some unique structural and tectonic characteristics, such as ejecta rocks are formed under the condition of sudden decrease in temperature and pressure, resulting in a large amount of volatiles dissolved in magma escaping in the form of gases to form a stomatal structure. When the stomata are very developed, the rock becomes very light, and it can even float on the surface of the water, forming pumice rock, etc.

2. Condensation characteristics: magmatic rock is a rock formed by the direct condensation of magma, so it has the characteristics and traces left by the condensation environment and formation process of magma, which is obviously different from sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock.

Sedimentary rock characteristics:

1. The bedding structure is remarkable, rich in secondary minerals and organic matter;

2. Sedimentary rocks often contain ancient biological relics, which are fossilized after petrification, that is, biological fossils;

3. It has a detrital structure and a non-detrital structure, and some have dry cracks, pores, nodules, etc. Typically, sedimentary rocks are composed of rock debris, mineral detritals, volcanic detritals and biodetrital materials, including gravel, sand, silt and mud of different grain sizes. Sediments of various grain sizes give sedimentary rocks a gravelly, sandy, silty or muddy structure;

4. The undulating layer of sedimentary rock, or residual wave marks, rain marks, dry cracks, groove molds, trench molds and other impressions, or the appearance of jagged sutures or nodules in the layer, are the primary structural characteristics of sedimentary rocks.

Metamorphic rock characteristics:

1. Some have flake (sheet) structures such as schist;

2. Some are gneiss structures (not forming flakes), and various minerals are seen in bands or strips on the rock sections, such as granite gneiss;

3. Some are plate-like structures, with extremely small particles and difficult to distinguish with the naked eye, such as slate.

Rocks can be divided into three categories: magmatic rocks (igneous rocks), sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

The main characteristics of rocks include three aspects: mineral composition, structure and structure. Rock structure refers to the crystallization degree, size, shape and combination of mineral particles in rocks. Rock structure refers to the arrangement and filling of mineral particles in rocks.

Igneous rocks (magmatic rocks) – as the name suggests, are rocks formed directly from magma, which are formed by the condensation of magma from deep in the earth's crust or ejection from the earth's surface. It can also be divided into intrusive rocks and ejective rocks (volcanic rocks).

Sedimentary rock, as the name suggests, is a rock formed by sedimentation, which refers to the rock exposed to the surface of the earth's crust that is damaged by various external forces during the development of the earth, and the damage products are deposited in situ or transported and deposited, and then formed by complex diagenesis.

The classification of sedimentary rocks is complex, and can generally be divided into parent rock weathering deposits, volcaniclastic deposits and biological remains deposits according to sedimentary materials.

Metamorphic rock, as the name suggests, is a rock formed by metamorphism, which refers to the rock formed by the original rock in the earth's crust under the influence of internal forces such as tectonic movement, magmatic activity or heat flux change in the earth's crust, so that its mineral composition and structural structure change to varying degrees. It can be divided into positive metamorphic rocks and secondary metamorphic rocks.

Sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, physical and chemical properties.

Rocks are mainly divided into igneous rocks (magma zhi) according to their formation

rock), sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

In the entire crust, igneous rocks account for about 95%, sedimentary rocks account for less than 5%, and metamorphic rocks are the least. However, the distribution ratio of the three rocks varies greatly in different strata.

75% of the rocks on the surface are sedimentary rocks, and only 25% of igneous rocks. The deeper you are from the surface, the more igneous and metamorphic rocks there are. The deep crust and upper mantle are mainly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Igneous rocks account for the entire crustal volume, metamorphic rocks account for metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary rocks account for the volume. Among them, basalt and gabbro account for all igneous rocks, and granite and other light-colored rocks account for about 34%.

Rocks are classified according to their genesis and can be divided into magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

I don't know if what you want is professional, or the general common-sense classification, the common-sense classification is igneous rock, metamorphic rock, sedimentary rock, three categories, there are many kinds of professional classification and very detailed, each major category of rocks is divided into many kinds, I don't know if you need a detailed professional classification?

Rocks are classified into magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

Magmatic Rocks: There are obvious stomata.

Sedimentary rocks: with distinct layered structure, fossils.

Metamorphic rocks: have a sheet structure.

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The method of judging the type of rock is 1Observe the appearance: Observe the color, texture, shape, and other characteristics of the rock.

For example, sandstone typically exhibits a fine-grained and layered structure, and granite has large chunky crystals. 2.Determination of hardness:

Determine the hardness of a rock using a hardness testing tool such as a Mohs hardness tester. Different kinds of rocks have different hardness ranges. 3.

Determination of mineral composition: Use a microscope to observe and determine the mineral composition of rocks. The type and proportion of minerals can help determine the type of rock.

4.Chemical testing: Rocks are tested by a number of chemical reagents to identify elements or compounds in them.

For example, a hydrochloric acid test is used to determine if carbonates are present. 5.Magnetic test:

Some rocks are magnetic, and the magnetism of the rock can be tested by using a magnetic detector <>

<> the type of rock.

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The method of judging the type of rock is 1Observe the appearance: Observe the color, texture, shape, and other characteristics of the rock.

For example, sandstone typically exhibits a fine-grained and layered structure, and granite has large chunky crystals. 2.Determination of hardness:

Determine the hardness of a rock using a hardness testing tool such as a Mohs hardness tester. Different kinds of rocks have different hardness ranges. 3.

Determination of mineral composition: Use a microscope to observe and determine the mineral composition of rocks. The type and proportion of minerals can help determine the type of stool type of rock.

4.Chemical testing: Rocks are tested by a number of chemical reagents to identify elements or compounds in them.

For example, a hydrochloric acid test is used to determine if carbonates are present. 5.Magnetic test:

Some rocks are magnetic, and the magnetism of the clump rocks can be tested by using a magnetic detector<>

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