The second year of junior high school history history the sooner the better, I will go to school tom

Capitalism sprouts.

Background: On the basis of the development of agriculture and handicrafts, under the premise of the development of commodity economy.

Appearance: The appearance of a handicraft workshop. Taking the silk weaving industry as an example, the "machine household" opened a "machine room" and hired "machine workers" to work, and the machine owners were the early capitalists and early wage workers, and "the machine owners contributed capital and the machine workers contributed" were the capitalist nature of production relations.

Marking the germ of capitalism.

Manifestations of development in the Qing Dynasty: the scale expanded; The division of labor is fine; The number of sectors and regions with the germ of capitalism has increased.

The reasons for the slow development are: the peasants are heavily exploited, extremely poor, and have no purchasing power; Landlords and businessmen made money to buy houses and land, influencing the expansion of reproduction; The feudal state emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce; Qing ** implements a retreat policy. The fundamental reason is that the decaying feudal system has seriously hindered the growth of the budding capitalism.

Here, on the one hand, it is pointed out that the emergence of the germ of capitalism has produced a new progressive element within the feudal society, embodying the requirements of historical development and the direction of progress, they are alien elements of the feudal system, and their growth is weakening and disintegrating the feudal system, which is a manifestation of the decline of the feudal system. On the other hand, comparing the development of the budding capitalism in China with the development of the budding capitalism in the West, we draw differences.

In the Gangnam region, the germ of capitalism appeared.

The Communist Manifesto.

November 1847.

Marx. The birth of the Communist Manifesto marked the birth of Marxism and played a tremendous role in promoting the proletarian revolutionary movement throughout the world. It reveals the inherent contradictions and laws of development of capitalist society, and demonstrates the inevitability of the demise of capitalism and the victory of socialism (there should be one in this book, if I remember correctly, another one that provides theoretical guidance for the proletarian revolution).

For example, his spirit of fighting against society and the capitalist world is worth learning, and his ideas are worth learning, and so on.

1.The Renaissance refers to an ideological and cultural movement that arose in Italian cities at the end of the 13th century, and later spread to Western European countries, and flourished in Europe in the 16th century, bringing a period of scientific and artistic revolution, opening the prelude to modern European history, and is considered to be the boundary between the Middle Ages and modern times.

2 Causes of Italian origin:

The germ of capitalism first arose in Italy, where the bourgeoisie wanted to break free from the shackles of ecclesiastical theology.

Italy has a large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics.

In the 14th-16th centuries (Renaissance), Italy was full of talented people and gathered in one place.

3.Causes: Economic reasons (root causes): The development of the commodity economy, the germ of capitalism, requires capital, markets and raw materials, so it expands outward.

Social reasons: In order to obtain goods and goods from the East, the countries of Western Europe were eager to open up new shipping routes.

The immediate cause: Turkish expansion in the 15th century cut off the trade routes from Western Europe to the East (the Silk Road).

Objective reasons: the invention of the compass and the development of shipbuilding technology.

Ideological reasons: It was the Renaissance era, and humanism promoted a spirit of adventure and enterprise.

4.Columbus, reaching Western America.

Dias, arriving at the Cape of Good Hope, Africa.

Vasco da Gama, to Oriental India.

Magellan, circumnavigating the globe.

For the route, you can take a look at some ** on the Internet, which is inconvenient to describe here.

Notes on the book, pure hand-typed].

1.Opium War, First Sino-Japanese War.

War to Japan, Eight Nations.

The content and meaning of the three treaties that resulted from the invasion of China by the coalition forces.

2.Exploration of China's Modernization: Westernization Movement, Hundred Days Restoration, Xinhai Revolution, New Culture Movement.

3.The Birth and Development of New Democracy: May Fourth Movement, First National Congress of the Communist Party of China, First Cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Nanchang Uprising, Autumn Harvest Uprising, Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area, Long March, Zunyi Conference, Chongqing Negotiations, War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, War of Liberation, Founding Ceremony.

That's probably all there is to it, the content and meaning of it are the most important, and the year is less important.

I also just graduated from junior high school, I hope it will be useful to you.