At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, what are the common types of H

I don't know how much you know about Hui architecture, Huizhou in the Ming and Qing dynasties is mainly part of Anhui plus part of Jiangxi. As one of the important parts of Chinese culture, most of the Huizhou architecture is built in the mountainous area, and the development of Huizhou merchants has a profound impact on Huizhou architectureThe most important thing is that because it is located in the mountainous area, the Hui school architecture is very solid in terms of materials, mainly based on folk houses, ancestral halls and archways, which has high research value.

The gatehouse is the characteristic of Huizhou architecture, its main role is to decorate the gate, which is very important, many people go to other people's homes as guests, the first thing they see is the gate

There are still many types of gatehouses of Hui architecture, such as city gates, palace gates, mountain gates, Ruyi gates, etc., and most of the gatehouses of the Hui school that have been preserved now are with the wall doors, which have distinctive Hui school characteristics. MingDuring the Qing Dynasty, the gatehouse of the Hui school building also had a lot of CCTV in terms of modeling, such as the figure of eight, the archway type, etc., although the gatehouse of the Hui school building was not as luxurious as the capital, it gives people a restrained feeling, rich but not ostentatious.

Ningpaim Gate belongs to a kind of gatehouse that is more common in Hui architecture, which is largeMost residents use this type of gatehouse, and the most conspicuous feature of this type of gatehouse is that there is an area for a plaque, after a simple decoration, enhance the temperament of the whole gate.

The pendulum door is more high-end than the Ning plaque door, it isHanging under the eaves, there is a vertical pillar below, the most carved on it is the lotus flower or flower basket, this type of gatehouse looks more luxurious, it has been inherited for many years of history, if you trace back to the roots, it has a little relationship with the gatehouse of the northern courtyardThis is based on the evolution of the hanging flower door of the courtyard, the north used the most wood when building houses, and the south because of the rain, so the wooden structure was transformed into stone, and it became what we see today.

The arched door is an upgrade from the Ning plaque door, which is usually used in this doorThere is no big difference between the overall structure and the Ning Plaque Gate, and the only difference may be that it adopts a curved design, catering to the shape of the threshold

The common gatehouse forms in Hui school architecture include city gate, palace gate, palace gate, mansion gate, mountain gate, Ruyi gate, five-ridge gatehouse, archway door, hanging flower door, flower door, wall door, assorted door, plaque door, arch door, etc.

The common gatehouses in Huizhou architecture include city gates, palace gates, palace gates, mountain gates, ruyi gates, Wuji gates, archway gates, hanging flower gates, flower gates, wall gates, assorted doors, brand doors, archway doors, etc.

The ancient buildings of the Hui school are made of brick, wood and stone, and are mainly made of wooden frames. The beam frame is mostly made of large materials and pays attention to decoration. The middle part of the beam is slightly arched, so the folk is commonly known as "winter melon beam", the two ends are carved out of the oblate circle (Ming Dynasty) or round (Qing Dynasty) pattern, the middle section is often carved with a variety of patterns, the whole body appears magnificent, gorgeous, magnificent.

The material of the column is also quite coarse, and the upper part is slightly thinner. Ming Dynasty columns were usually fusiform. Beam support, claw column, fork hand, bafist, finch (Ming Dynasty for the head arch), diagonal brace and so on are mostly carved patterns, line feet.

The ingenious combination and decoration of the beam frame make the process technology and artistic techniques blend together, and achieve a wonderful combination. The beam frame is generally painted without color paint and painted with tung oil, which is particularly simple and elegant. Corners, patios, railings, walls, windows, etc. are cut into stone strips and slabs with bluestone, red sandstone or granite, and often use the natural texture of the stone itself to combine into patterns.

The wall is basically built with small green bricks to the horse-head wall.

Hui architecture also widely uses brick, wood, and stone carvings, showing a high level of decorative art. Most of the brick carvings are inlaid on the door covers, window lintels, and walls, and the large blue bricks are carved with vivid and realistic figures, insects, fish, flowers and birds, eight treasures, Bogu and geometric patterns, which are extremely decorative. Wood carving occupies a major position in the carving and decoration of ancient houses, which is manifested in the line carving pattern on the head of the moon beam, the lotus pier on the flat bucket, the screen door partition, the window sash and the hanging board under the window, the arch railing on the floor and the pillar head around the patio.

The content is extensive, with many characters, landscapes, flowers and plants, birds and beasts, eight treasures, and Bogu. There are many themes, including traditional opera, folk tales, myths and legends, fishing, woodcutting, farming, reading, feasting, tea tasting, travel, music and dance and other life scenes. There are various techniques, including line carving, bas-relief, high-relief openwork, round carving and hollow carving.

The content and techniques of expression vary depending on the part of the building. These wood carvings are not decorated with paint, but are made to life by the high-quality wood color and natural grain. Stone carvings are mainly manifested in ancestral halls, temples, archways, towers, bridges and courtyards, doors, railings, pools, flower stands, leaky windows, walls, pillar bases, drum stones, stone lions, etc.

The content is mostly a symbol of auspicious dragon wind, cranes, tigers, lions, elephants, unicorns, auspicious clouds, eight treasures, Bogu and landscape landscapes, character stories, etc., mainly using relief, openwork, round carving and other techniques, simple and elegant, rich and chic.

Hui architecture set Huizhou mountains and rivers scenery aura, the essence of customs and culture, unique style, rigorous structure, exquisite carving, whether it is the village and town planning concept, or the plane and space treatment, the comprehensive use of architectural carving art fully embodies the distinctive local characteristics. In particular, the dwellings, ancestral halls and archways are the most typical, and are known as the "Three Uniques of Ancient Architecture in Huizhou", which are valued and admired by the Chinese and foreign architectural circles.

Hui style buildings are generally distributed in Anhui, and almost every place in Anhui has a bit of Hui style buildings, but the most famous ones are Xidi and Hongcun. The most typical feature of the will be afraid is that it is gray and white, giving people a sense of elegance and simplicity.

Hui architecture, also known as Huizhou architecture, was originally originated in ancient Huizhou, is a typical representative of Jiangnan architecture, popular in Huizhou (now Huangshan City, Jixi County, Wuyuan County) and Yanzhou, Jinhua, Quzhou and other areas in western Zhejiang. It is made of brick, wood and stone, and is mainly made of wood. The beam frame is mostly made of large materials and pays attention to decoration.

Brick, wood, and stone carvings are also widely used, showing a high level of decorative art. Sitting in the north and facing south, pay attention to the internal lighting; It is made of brick, wood and stone, and is mainly made of wood. Wooden beams are used to bear loads, and bricks, stones, and earth are used to build parapets; Centered on the hall house, it is known for its carved beams and decorative roofs and cornices.

The characteristics of Hui architecture are mainly reflected in the architectural entities such as village houses, ancestral halls, temples, archways and gardens. The most distinctive style is a large number of traditional residential villages, from the site selection, design, modeling, structure, layout to decoration and beautification, all reflect the mountain characteristics, feng shui willingness and regional beauty tendency of Huizhou.

We will skip the places that attribute the characteristics of traditional Chinese architecture. Let's talk about the characteristics of Hui architecture, the most important one, the horse-head wall.

Horsehead wall refers to a wall that is higher than a two-gable roof. With the slope of the roof layer upon layer, the length of the slope is set as a number of gears, the top of the wall is covered with three lines of eaves bricks, covered with small green tiles, and the wind board (gold flower board) is installed at the top of each buttress head. On it, there are various kinds of Su kind "humblehead", there are "magpie tail type", "Indian bucket type", "sitting kiss type" and so on.

Because it resembles a horse's head, it is called "horse's head wall".

Function: fireproof, windproof, good-looking. It's symbolic, and the meaning is good.

Generally speaking, the room is white.

Tile black black. The horse's head wall is flattened and flattened.

Another point is that the Lintel decoration of the Hui school will not be higher than the wall.

1. Respect for the natural landscape environment: Ancient Huizhou has thoughtful consideration of the topography, landform, water flow and wind direction of the village site, which is often surrounded by mountains and rivers, with beautiful environment, reasonable layout, smooth traffic, and buildings blending between mountains and rivers;

2. Aesthetic appearance integrity: the group house is integrated, the unique horse-head wall, closed by a high wall, the horse's head is warped, the wall and the horse's head are staggered, the green mountains and green water, and the white wall Daiwa is one of the main characteristics of the Hui style architecture, which is beautiful in the simplicity;

3. More flexible multi-entry courtyard layout: the units sold out of the building layout are courtyards enclosed by the courtyard, high-rise houses, deep wells, and halls, which are flexibly arranged according to the function, scale, and terrain, and have a sense of rhythm of demolition;

4 exquisite detail decoration: the "three carvings" in the Hui culture, that is, the brick carving, stone carving, wood carving art is breathtaking, the brick carved door cover, the stone carving window leakage, the wood carving pillar and the building are integrated, which is a major feature of the Hui architecture.

1.Respect for the natural environment of the landscape: Ancient Huizhou has thoughtful consideration of the topography, landform, water flow and wind direction and other factors of the village site, which are often close to the mountains and rivers, with beautiful environment, reasonable layout, smooth traffic, and buildings integrated between the mountains and rivers;

2. Aesthetic appearance integrity: the group house is integrated, the unique horse-head wall, closed by a high wall, the horse's head is warped, the wall and the horse's head are staggered, the green mountains and green water, and the white wall Daiwa is one of the main characteristics of the Hui style architecture, which is beautiful in the simplicity;

3. More flexible multi-entry courtyard layout: the unit of the building layout is a courtyard enclosed by a dust bench with a patio as the center, a high-rise house, a deep well, and a hall, which are flexibly arranged according to the function, scale, and terrain, and have a sense of rhythm;

4 exquisite detail decoration: the "three carvings" in the Hui culture, that is, the brick carving, stone carving, wood carving art is breathtaking, the brick carved door cover, the stone carving window leakage, the wood carving pillar and the building are integrated, which is a major feature of the Hui architecture.

1. Respect for the natural landscape environment: Ancient Huizhou has thoughtfully considered the topography, landform, water flow and wind direction of the village site, which is often surrounded by mountains and rivers, with beautiful environment, reasonable layout, smooth traffic, and buildings integrated between mountains and rivers;

2 Aesthetic appearance integrity: the group of houses is one, the unique horse-head wall, closed by a high wall, the horse's head is warped, the wall is auspicious and the horse's head is high and low, and the white wall is one of the main characteristics of the Hui style architecture, which is beautiful in the simplicity;

3. More flexible multi-entry courtyard layout: the unit of the building plane layout is a courtyard enclosed by a patio, a high-rise house, a deep well, and a hall, which are flexibly arranged according to the functional scale and terrain, and have a sense of rhythm;

4 exquisite detail decoration: the "three carvings" in the Hui culture, that is, the brick carving, stone carving, wood carving art is breathtaking, the brick carving door cover Shi Sen staring at the carved window leaky window This old wood carving pillar and the building are integrated, which is a major feature of the Hui architecture.

Four characteristics of Hui architecture:

1. Horse head wall: three-fold and five-fold horse-head wall is an important feature in the Hui style building, often recognizable, blue bricks and small tiles, and horse-head wall.

2. Three carvings: Three carvings refer to "wood carving", "stone carving" and "brick carving". The accent is decorating the door.

Floors, door covers, window sills, window covers, beams and columns, foreheads, etc.

3. Archway: The archway is an extremely important part of Huizhou architecture, and the residence.

The people and the ancestral hall are also known as the three unique ancient buildings of Huizhou.

4. Ancestral hall: The ancestral hall is one of the three unique ancient buildings in Huizhou, and the status of the ancestral hall is extremely high in ancient Huizhou.

Building structure

The Huizhou architectural format, the Huizhou building gate, are equipped with a gatehouse (the smaller one is called the door cover), the main function is to prevent rainwater from splashing down the wall on the door.

Generally, the door cover of the farmhouse is relatively simple, a little away from the upper part of the door frame, the eaves are built with terrazzo bricks, the top is covered with tiles, and some simple decorations are carved. The gatehouse of the rich family is very exquisite, and there are many brick carvings or stone carvings and decorations.

Huizhou District Yansi Town Jinshi Gate Tower three four pillars five floors, imitation of the Ming Dynasty archway and built, with bluestone and terrazzo brick mixed built, the gatehouse horizontal fang on the double lion play ball carving, the image is vivid, the knife work is delicate, the two sides of the column are equipped with the huge drum stone of talking about annihilation, the bridge is elegant and luxurious.