What are the three principles of children s thinking?

According toPiagetThe four stages of children's psychological development, the toddler (1-3 years old) stage of thinking belongs to the perceptual-motor stage.

Piaget's Four Stages of Children's Psychological Development in Detail:

1 Perceptual-motor stage (0-2 years):

At this stage, children have not yet mastered language, and learning is limited to the simplest aspects of body movements and sensory perception. The way of thinking of children at this stage.

The main thing is intuitive action thinking. The eternity of the object is gradually formed.

Pre-computation stage(2 7 years old):

At this stage, the child's language begins to emerge and develops rapidly, and intuitive thinking appears.

Intuitive thinking includes intuitive action thinking and concrete image thinking. At this stage, children's thinking has the following characteristics:

1) Self-centeredness. Children can only understand and recognize things from the center of their own experience when they know things around them.

2) Irreversibility. At this stage, children's thinking is one-way thinking, for example, ask a toddler if you have an older brother? She said yes, and asked if your brother has a sister? She didn't know.

3) Not conserved. It is believed that when the perceptual characteristics of a thing change, its quantity changes. For example, two small sticks of equal length are considered to be equally long only when they are placed at both ends; If you move one of them forward, you think it's longer.

4) Animism.

Believe that all objects have souls. For example, if a toddler steps on grass, the grass will hurt.

3 Specific Operational Stage (7-11 years old):

At this stage, children begin to think logically.

and arithmetic ability, children's cognitive structure evolves from the representational schema of the pre-arithmetic stage to the arithmetic schema. Characteristics of concrete computational thinking: conservation, getting rid of self-centeredness and reversibility.

According to Piaget, mental operations in this period focused on abstract concepts and were computational (logical), but mental activities needed to be supported by concrete content.

4 Formal operation stage (after the age of 11).

The three basic forms of thinking in young children are concrete image thinking, intuitive action thinking, and abstract logical thinking.

Concrete image thinking refers to thinking that relies on appearances, that is, the association of concrete images.

Intuitive action thinking refers to thinking that relies on direct perception and action of objects.

Abstract logical thinking refers to thinking that relies on concepts, judgments, and reasoning.

Intuitive action thinking, concrete image thinking, and abstract logical thinking are three different manifestations of the development of abstract generalization from low to high level in the process of thinking development. They are both different from each other and interrelated, and the former provides the basis for the formation and development of the latter; The latter is higher than the former, but it cannot be separated from the former.

1. Specific image thinking.

This is the main form of thinking for most children aged three to six, and it is characterized by concrete imagery. That is, without a concrete image of food, young children cannot carry out normal thinking activities. It is only through the overall perception of the object that one can gradually understand things.

2. Creative thinking.

The characteristics of creative thinking are: unruly, random change, arbitrary creation. At this stage, parents should not immediately restrain their children, but should use the right methods to guide them to ensure that their children grow up healthily on the right path.

3. Imitative thinking.

Young children don't know what's right and what's wrong, so they learn by imitating constantly. Many of their behaviors and words are imitations of the people around them, so parents and teachers should be strict with themselves and set a good example.

Children like to imitate this is natural, they will closely observe and imitate parents, teachers, and take their behavior as an example, so parents must pay more attention to their words and deeds at home to set a good example for their children.

Answer]: a, d

Children's thinking has two special characteristics: (1) The main characteristics of thinking are concrete and figurative imitation thinking. (2) Logical thinking begins to sprout.

The main characteristics of thinking in early childhood are: the concrete image of thinking

1) Trends in the development of children's thinking.

Children's initial thinking is intuitive, then concrete images appear, and finally abstract and logical thinking.

Intuitive action thinking, which is mainly carried out in an intuitive, action-oriented way. The main features are: Thinking takes place in direct perception; Thinking is carried out in practical action; The typical pattern is trial and error, with no predetermined purpose and no plan of action.

Concrete image thinking relies on appearances, that is, relying on the association of specific images in the mind, which is a typical way of thinking for young children, which is formed and developed on the basis of intuitive action.

Abstract logical thinking is the thinking that reflects the essential attributes and regular connections of things, and is carried out through generalization, judgment and reasoning, and is a high-level way of thinking. Strictly speaking, there is only the germ of this way in the preschool period.

2) Stages of children's thinking development.

1.Intuitive action thinking.

Children's initial thinking is based on intuitive action thinking. Intuitive action thinking refers to thinking that is carried out in an intuitive, action-oriented way. The main characteristics of intuitive action thinking are:

1) Thinking depends on a certain situation.

2 3-year-old children are very outstanding in intuitive action thinking; It is also common in 3 4-year-old children. This kind of thinking relies more on a certain specific situation, on the perception of specific things and the generalization of actions.

At this stage of thinking, children's thinking can only be carried out in action, often manifested as doing first and then thinking, thinking while doing, and their thinking activities will end as soon as the action stops.

2.Concrete image thinking.

Concrete image thinking refers to children's thinking based on the concrete image of things in their minds, that is, relying on the appearance of specific things and the association of specific images. 3 The thinking of children at the age of six or seven is mainly based on concrete image thinking.

3.Abstract logical thinking.

Abstract logical thinking reflects the essential characteristics of things, and refers to the use of concepts and the logical relationship of things to carry out thinking. It is thinking that relies on language, and it is a thinking that is unique to human beings.

After the age of six or seven, children's thinking begins to enter the stage of logical thinking. Early childhood is only in the embryonic stage of abstract choice thinking. (2) Intuitive action thinking is inseparable from children's own actions.