What are the academic majors? Which ones are not?

Professional degrees are different types of degrees at the same level, which are different types at the same level, aiming to cultivate high-level applied talents with innovative ability, entrepreneurial ability and practical ability to meet the actual work needs of specific industries or occupations. The training goal of professional degree graduate students is to master solid basic theories and broad professional knowledge in a certain professional (or occupational) field, have a strong ability to solve practical problems, be able to undertake professional or management work, and have good professional quality.

High-level application-oriented professionals. Professional degree graduate education is comparable to that of academic graduate students in terms of training objectives, curriculum setting, teaching philosophy, training mode, quality standards and faculty construction.

It is necessary to highlight the characteristics of postgraduate education for professional degrees. To do a good job in the education of full-time master's degree graduates, it is necessary to scientifically establish the reasonable positioning of professional degree graduate education, conduct in-depth research and accurately grasp the laws of professional degree graduate education, innovate training concepts, reform training models, and ensure the quality of training.

Academic graduate students receive general master's education, which focuses on cultivating teaching and scientific research talents, and the type of degree awarded is an academic master's degree. Academic degrees are based on the discipline category of admission.

It is divided into 12 categories, including philosophy, economics, law, education, literature, history, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, military science, and management, and is further divided into 88 first-level disciplines under the 12 categories.

The 88 first-level disciplines are subdivided into more than 300 second-level disciplines.

At the same time, there are more than 760 secondary disciplines set up by the enrollment units themselves. The entrance examination for general master's degree is mainly for national master's students at the beginning of the year.

The Unified Entrance Examination (hereinafter referred to as the "Unified Entrance Examination") will lead to graduate student status after being admitted. Upon graduation, if the course study and ** defense meet the requirements of the Degree Regulations, you will be awarded a graduation certificate and a degree certificate.

In fact, there are many academic majors, such as some scientific research work, physics, chemistry, biology and some literature in the Chinese department of laboratory operations, many of which are actually academic.

The professional categories are as follows:

1. Philosophy: Philosophy, Logic, Religion.

2. Economics: Economics, Finance, Finance, Economics and **.

3. Law: Law, Political Science, Sociology, Ethnology, Marxist Theory, Public Security.

4. Education: Education, Physical Education.

5. Literature: Chinese and Chinese Literature, Foreign Chinese Literature, Journalism and Communication.

6. History: History.

7. Science: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geographical Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Marine Sciences, Geophysics, Geology, Biological Sciences, Psychology, Statistics.

8. Engineering: mechanics, machinery, instruments, materials, energy and power, electrical, electronic information.

9. Agronomy: Plant Production, Nature Conservation and Environmental Ecology, Animal Production, Animal Medicine, Forestry, Aquatic Products, Grass Science.

10. Medicine: Basic Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Stomatology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Pharmacy, Chinese Materia Medica, Forensic Medicine, Medical Technology, Nursing.

11. Management: Management Science and Engineering, Business Administration, Agricultural Economics Management, Public Administration, Library, Information and Archives Management, Logistics Management and Engineering, E-commerce, Tourism Management.

12. Arts: Art Theory, Drama and Dance, Drama and Film and Television, Fine Arts, Design.

Academics refer to systematic and specialized learning, and it is also a kind of learning knowledge, which generally refers to higher education and research, and is the discipline of existence and its laws.

Zhang Ronghuan, a contemporary anthropologist, defines the concept of scholarship as a disciplinary argument against existence and its laws. The word "academia" in its more common sense refers to scientific and cultural groups conducting higher education and research, and in this sense corresponds to Chinese academia or institutions. Classification of academics.

1. Science. An important discipline in Chinese university education is the study of the basic laws of natural material motion, and the degree of science is usually obtained after graduating from university. Together with literature, engineering, education, history, etc., it forms China's higher education discipline system.

2. Engineering. Refers to the general term of the engineering discipline.

Disciplines include: instrumentation, energy and power, electronic information, electrical information, transportation, marine engineering, light industry, textile, aerospace, mechanics, biological engineering, agricultural engineering, forestry engineering, public security technology, plant production, geology and mining, materials, machinery, food, civil engineering, water conservancy, surveying and mapping, environment and safety, chemical and pharmaceutical and other majors.

3. Agronomy. The traditional discipline in the field of agricultural science takes solving the problem of "eating and dressing" as its primary responsibility. With the continuous acceleration of agricultural science and technology innovation, the rapid development of biotechnology and information technology and its wide application in agriculture, agronomy is full of vitality on the basis of maintaining traditional characteristics.

Difference 1: Cultivation goals.

Professional degree graduates: practice-oriented, focusing on the organic combination of theory and practice, focusing on cultivating high-level talents who have received formal training in specialized technology. After graduation, students will work in Namito with a professional background, such as lawyers, doctors, accountants, etc.

Academic Graduate Students: Established by discipline, they are academic research-oriented, focusing on theoretical research, and are mainly used to train university teachers and researchers in scientific research institutions in the country.

Difference 2: Enrollment majors.

Professional degree graduates: The enrollment majors are more targeted, including 40 majors such as finance, statistics, taxation, international business, insurance, asset valuation, auditing, etc. Academic Graduate Students:

The enrollment majors are relatively complete, including 13 categories such as education, economics, philosophy, etc., and the secondary disciplines under them, basically covering all professional directions.

Difference 3: Application conditions.

Professional degree graduates: Some majors have the same application conditions as academic graduate students, but some management majors require undergraduates to have 3 years of work experience, junior college students to have 5 years of work experience, and those who have obtained master's and doctoral degrees have 2 years of work experience.

The differences between the postgraduate entrance examination and the professional blind class are as follows:

1.The training goals are different

The training goal of the academic postgraduate examination is to become an excellent research-oriented talent, focusing on the mastery of basic knowledge and the improvement of research ability; The training goal of the professional postgraduate examination is to become a high-end technical talent in a certain professional field, focusing on the cultivation of professional knowledge and practical skills.

2.The content of the exam is different

The academic postgraduate examination mainly examines the candidates' mastery and understanding of basic subjects, such as mathematics, English, politics, etc.; The professional postgraduate examination mainly examines the candidate's knowledge level in the professional field he or she is applying for, such as professional courses, comprehensive quality, etc.

3.The application requirements are different

Candidates are generally required to have a bachelor's degree or equivalent in a related discipline in the academic category, and they can apply for the examination if they meet the application conditions; For example, mechanical engineering majors can only accept degrees in mechanical engineering and other disciplines.

4.The direction of employment is different

Academic graduates are mainly engaged in academic, research, and educational positions such as universities, research institutions, and scientific research units, while professional graduates are more likely to find jobs related to their majors, such as engineers, technicians, designers, teachers, managers, etc.

5.Course selection is in different directions

The academic postgraduate examination covers a wide range of subjects, which is suitable for those candidates who are more interested in different fields or like to explore; The subject classification of the professional postgraduate examination is relatively clear, which is suitable for those candidates who have certain professional basic knowledge or want to develop in a certain field.

The difference between professional and academic entrance examinations, different training directions, different tutors, different tuition fees, etc.

Different cultivation directions:

Professional graduate students are to cultivate applied talents in the market and market shortage, and academic graduate students mainly cultivate educational and scientific research talents. Different supervisors: Professional graduate students will implement a dual-faculty system, and academic graduate students generally have only one supervisor.

The tuition fee is different: the fee standard for academic graduate students is 8,000 yuan per academic year, and some schools have 20,000 yuan per year, and some schools have more than 100,000 yuan per year.

Graduate students are divided into master's students and doctoral students

According to the different types of degrees, there are two types: academic graduate students and professional graduate students. Academic graduate students generally refer to those who have academic degrees, which are set up according to disciplines, and are oriented towards academic research and focus on theory and research. Professional graduate students, at the same level as academic degree graduate students, are to cultivate application-oriented high-level professionals with a solid theoretical foundation and adapt to the actual work needs of specific industries or occupations.

Classification of graduate students according to the management of student status:

According to the different management of student status, it is divided into graduate students of academic education and graduate students of non-academic education. The former refers to taking the entrance examination organized by the State (including the recommendation exemption of fresh undergraduate graduates and the separate entrance examination organized by some colleges and universities with the approval of the Ministry of Education), and after being admitted, they will obtain graduate student status, and the study form is divided into full-time and part-time. Upon graduation, if the course study and defense meet the requirements of the degree regulations, you can obtain a master's degree graduation certificate and a master's degree certificate.

The latter refers to not taking the entrance examination of the National Unity Organization and not having this theological status. Students participate in postgraduate courses, complete the courses according to the teaching plan, and pass the national unified examination for foreign language proficiency and discipline comprehensive level of master's degree for persons with equivalent qualifications organized by the state to obtain the qualification to apply for a degree, and then pass the master's defense, they can obtain a degree certificate, but there is no graduate graduation certificate.

The differences between a professional degree and an academic degree are as follows:

1. The training goals are different. The outstanding feature of professional degrees is that academics and occupations are closely integrated, focusing on cultivating practical talents. Academic degrees are set up according to disciplines, are oriented to academic research, and focus on cultivating theoretical research talents.

2. The school system is different. Most of the professional degrees are two-year periods, the early stage is to go to the school to take classes, the later stage is to go to the enterprise for internship, the state to vigorously expand the recruitment of professional master's students is also because of their strong practical ability.

Most of the late academic students are three-year study system, first of all, they will complete all the courses during the graduate school, then they will do projects and experiments, and finally they will repeatedly revise ** to prepare for graduation.

3. The difficulty of the exam is different. It is understood that last year, the number of applicants for professional master's degree was 680,000, and the number of admissions was about 570,000, with an admission ratio of nearly 50%, while the overall admission ratio was about 3:1.

That is to say, if there are 100 people in Heng La Li who are admitted to graduate school, 33 people are finally admitted, of which 60 people apply for academic master's degree and 17 people are admitted, and 40 people apply for professional master's degree and 16 people are admitted. It's clear which graduate students are highly competitive.

4. The test subjects are different. In fact, in the professional degree and academic degree examinations of most majors, the subjects of the political examination and the professional course examination are the same. However, there is still a big difference between English and mathematics.

For academic degrees, one of the test subjects of English 1 will be examined, while professional degrees may be tested for English 2, and the test format of English 2 and English 1 is not very different, but there is absolutely no obvious difference in difficulty.

If you are a student of science and engineering, then most of the professional academic postgraduate examinations are for mathematics one, and the subject of individual science and engineering majors is mathematics two, of which mathematics one is the most difficult and has the largest range of exams, but for academic majors taking mathematics one, if you apply for a professional master's degree, the examination subject is likely to become mathematics two.

There is also a possibility that if you apply for the graduate examination of economics and management, in most cases, you will take mathematics three, or you may not take mathematics.

Degrees include both professional and academic degrees. What is the difference between a professional degree that focuses on practical skills and an academic degree that focuses on academic theoretical research? Let's find out!

Definitions are different

The professional degree mainly cultivates application-oriented high-level professionals with a solid theoretical foundation and adapts to the actual work needs of a specific industry or occupation. The academic Keira position, also known as the general degree, includes three levels: bachelor's, master's and doctorate. The training goals are different

The professional degree is oriented to professional practice, attaches importance to practice and application, and cultivates high-level talents who have received formal and high-level training in professional and specialized technology. The academic degree is research-oriented, with an emphasis on theory and research, and trains university teachers and researchers in research institutions.

Diplomas are awarded differently

Academic degrees award both degrees and academic certificates. Professional degrees are awarded diplomas according to different study methods, and on-the-job professional degree education only awards degree certificates, and there are no academic certificates. However, the Master of Business Administration, Master of Law, Master of Medicine and Master of Medicine, and Master of Architecture, also have dual certificates and academic certificates.

It can be seen that professional degrees focus on the cultivation of practical ability, and academic degrees focus on the cultivation of scientific research ability. The diploma award for a professional degree changes depending on your major and how you study it, while the diploma for an academic degree is just a certificate that awards a fixed degree and academic qualifications.