What is the understanding of flexion and extension and pronation and external pronation of human joi

Anatomy. There is a basic posture, called the basic anatomical posture, that is, the body is upright, the eyes are looking forward, the lower limbs are close together, the toes are facing forward, the upper limbs are naturally hanging down on both sides of the trunk, and the palms are facing forward. Based on this pose, the middle of the body is inside and the sides are outside.

Therefore, the inward rotation is called the inner one, and the outer side is called the external rotation. When the angle of the joint becomes larger, it is called extension, and when the angle becomes smaller, it is called flexion.

Flexion and extension movements occur on the coronal axis, and the two bones move close to each other. First of all, you have to understand what the coronal axis is. The coronal axis is an imaginary axis that runs through the human body from the left and right directions.

Under the premise of anatomical standard posture, the elbow joint.

When it is bent, it is called "flexion", and when the elbow is straightened, it is called "extension". However, the second principle of anatomy regarding flexion and extension is that "flexion is done when the movement is ventral, and extension is when the movement is dorsally". to the shoulder joint.

For example, at this time, the action of raising the arm forward is called "flexion", or "forward bending". And the action of raising the arm back is called "stretching", or "stretching back".

First of all, "movement" must occur around the axis of motion, the basis of which is the joint.

In terminology, flexion and extension movements occur on the coronal axis, when the two bones are close to each other.

First of all, you have to understand what the coronal axis is.

The coronal axis is an imaginary axis that runs through the human body from the left and right directions.

Under the premise of anatomical standard posture, when the elbow joint is bent, it is called "flexion", and when the elbow joint is straightened, it is called "extension".

However, the second principle of anatomy regarding flexion and extension is that "flexion is done when the movement is ventral, and extension is when the movement is dorsally".

In the case of the shoulder joint, the movement of the arm raised forward is called "flexion", or "forward bending". And the action of raising the arm back is called "stretching", or "stretching back". Imagine that there is an "axis" that crosses the shoulder joint from left to right, and the arm moves forward or backward around this axis.

In this way, the movement of the spine is understood, and bending forward is called "flexion". Stretching backwards is called "stretching".

About rotational motion.

Rotational motion is the motion that takes place along the "vertical axis".

In the case of the spine, for example, the movement of the upper body when the upper body turns to the side while the feet are standing still is called "rotation".

If the arm also moves along the vertical axis, the "front" of the arm will turn closer to the side of the body under the premise of anatomical posture, that is, it will turn "inside", so it is called "pronation". The opposite movement is, of course, called "extravor."

To understand the movement of joints, one must first understand the axis of motion.

In the textbook of "Fitness Trainer", there are 5 ways to exercise human joints:

1) Flexion and extension: the movement of the movement link around the frontal axis (left and right direction) in the sagittal plane (anterior-posterior direction). In general, forward motion is flexion, and backward motion is extension. However, the opposite is true for the knee and below the joint.

2) Abduction and adduction: the movement of the movement link around the sagittal axis in the frontal plane. The end of the motor link away from the median surface is abduction, and the end of the movement is close to the median surface of the body is adduction.

3) Gyration: The movement of the movement link around its own vertical axis in the horizontal plane. Rotation from front to inward to internal rotation (or pronation), and rotation from front to outward to external rotation (or supination).

4) The ring ** motion link takes the proximal end as the fulcrum, and does continuous circular motion around the frontal axis, the sagittal axis and the intermediate axis between them. This motion can be depicted as the motion of a cone figure, so it is also called cone motion.

For example, the upper limbs do forward or backward circular movements at the shoulder joint.

5) Horizontal flexion and extension: the movement link is a form of movement in sports around the vertical axis in the horizontal plane, which is rare in life, such as the upper limb (or lower limb) at the shoulder joint (or hip joint), abduction 90 degrees and then forward movement is called horizontal flexion, such as backward movement is called horizontal extension.

There is a basic posture in anatomy, called the basic anatomical posture, that is, the body is upright, the eyes are looking forward, the lower limbs are close together, the toes are facing forward, the upper limbs are naturally hanging down on both sides of the torso, and the palms are facing forward. Based on this pose, the middle of the body is inside and the sides are outside. Therefore, the inward rotation is called the inner one, and the outer side is called the external rotation.

When the angle of the joint becomes larger, it is called extension, and when the angle becomes smaller, it is called flexion.

Flexion and extension movements occur on the coronal axis, and the two bones move close to each other. First of all, you have to understand what the coronal axis is. The coronal axis is an imaginary axis that runs through the human body from the left and right directions.

Under the premise of anatomical standard posture, when the elbow joint is bent, it is called "flexion", and when the elbow joint is straightened, it is called "extension". However, the second principle of anatomy regarding flexion and extension is that "flexion is done when the movement is ventral, and extension is when the movement is dorsally". In the case of the shoulder joint, the movement of the arm raised forward is called "flexion", or "forward bending".

And the action of raising the arm back is called "stretching", or "stretching back".

This first involves the three axes of the human body. We artificially designed three axes that are perpendicular to each other, namely the vertical axis, the sagittal axis, and the coronal axis.

1. Vertical axis: it is the axis from the head side, down to the tail side and perpendicular to the ground plane.

2. Sagittal axis: refers to the axis that crosses the vertical axis at right angles from the ventral surface to the dorsal surface.

3. Coronal axis: it is the axis parallel to the horizontal plane in the left and right directions and perpendicular to the first two faces.

With three axes, it's easier to explain the types of movement you're talking about.

Rotation is the movement of the joint along a vertical axis, such as the rotation of the humerus anteriorly and medially around the central axis of the bone, called internal or internal rotation, and rotational posterolateral, called external or external rotation.

Abduction: Generally the movement of the joint along the sagittal axis, the bone is close to the median sagittal plane is called retraction, and away from the median sagittal plane is abduction. For example, the lateral raising of the arms is an abduction movement of the arms around the shoulder joint.

The thigh muscles responsible for external rotation of the hip joint, these muscles include (major + minor) major external rotators: gluteus maximus, superior and inferior obturator muscles, quadratus femoris muscles, piriformis muscles, mid gluteus and minor muscles (posterior fibers), obturator external muscles, iliopsoas muscles (assisted external rotation in hip abduction), sartorius muscles, biceps femoris long head.

A hip joint is made up of two bones (the femur and the hip), and the unique anatomy of the hip joint makes it strong and flexible, and can control the movement of the lower limbs in each weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing position.

External rotation: gluteus maximus, sartorius muscle, piriformis muscle, superior malarius muscle, inferior malus muscle, obturator medial and outer muscles, quadratus femoris muscle, iliopsoas muscle.

Internal rotation: gluteus medius (anterior), gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata

Internal rotation: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius muscle.

External rotation: quadratus femora, piriformis muscle.

External rotation: quadratus femoris, inferior porcus muscle, obturator internal muscle, obturator external muscle, superior diaphragm muscle, piriformis muscle.

Internal rotation: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius muscle.

Exercise the hip muscles of the macroscopic joint.

Flexion: iliopsoas, rectus femoris, tensor fascia lata, sartorius muscle.

Extension: gluteus maximus, biceps femoris bradynia, semitendinosus and semimembranosus.

Abduction: gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

Adduction: pubis, adductor longus, gracil, adductor brevis, and adductor magorum muscle.

Insulate: anterior bundles of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

External: posterior fascicles of the iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus and tremor piriformis muscles.