Details of the multi band observation universe

There used to be only one way for us to observe the universe, with the naked eye.

But after Galileo used a telescope to observe the sky for the first time, the way for humans to observe the universe was greatly expanded, and it was no longer limited by the physiology of the human body.

However, telescopes can only observe celestial objects that can move in the band of light, which is only a small part of the frequency of electromagnetic waves, but the other parts cannot be radiated to the ground because of the absorption of the atmosphere. After we have mastered space technology, we can put probes of different wavelengths into space for exploration. Rays (Swift), X-rays (Chandra), Ultraviolet (Hubble), Infrared (Spitzer).

A number of new telescopes have also been built on the ground.

Now we can leave the Earth to explore other planets, and our aircraft has successfully flown to eight planets, several asteroids and comets.

The basic methods of human exploration of the universe mainly include optical observation, radio observation and space observation.

At present, only the redshift is determined by light analysis, which converts the product of the speed of the farthest galaxy and the time of the birth of the universe, which is the distance of the boundary of the known universe. The value that is now largely determined is 13.7 billion light-years . There is also partial evidence that it is 46 billion light years .

The definition of the universe is space and matter outside the Earth's atmosphere. In the universe, the Earth is the only planet known to mankind that has life.

Creation of the Universe:

In the beginning, matter could only exist in the form of elementary particles such as neutrons, protons, electrons, photons, and neutrinos. The continuous expansion of the universe after that caused the temperature and density to drop very quickly. As the temperature decreases and cools, atoms, nuclei, and molecules are gradually formed, and they are compounded into the usual gas.

The gas gradually coalesced into nebulae, which further formed a variety of stars and galaxies that eventually formed the universe we see today.

Constant expansion: Dark energy accounts for 74% of all matter in the universe, and it is the driving force behind the accelerated expansion of the universe. The expansion process of the universe is in the balance of two opposing forces, just like yin and yang. One of these forces is gravity, which slows down the expansion, and another powerful counterforce is dark energy, which accelerates the expansion of the universe.

And now, it seems, dark energy wins. The visible matter in the universe is far from enough to unite the universe, and if it were not for the existence of a mysterious and invisible matter, galaxies would have fallen apart long ago. Scientists call this unseen, mysterious substance "dark matter."

Accelerating expansion: Researchers have calculated that the current rate of expansion of the universe, known as the Hubble constant, is about kilometers (seconds, millions of parsecs). Each million-second difference is equivalent to 3.26 million light-years, so for every million parsecs that a galaxy is farther away from Earth, its speed away from Earth increases by kilometers per second. This means that in 9.8 billion years, the distance between cosmic objects will double.

The end of the universe:

The laws of thermodynamics do not allow the universe to gain immortality, and when new stars cannot continue to form, the universe reaches the equilibrium point of heat death, and the state of the universe is like the bowl of soup at the beginning of its birth. Heat death is the thermodynamic end, and the temperature of any part of the universe is just above absolute zero, meaning that nothing will survive. A small number of scientists believe that if the universe ends up in a big collapse, all matter will eventually become atomic, and then after an accidental quantum fluctuation, a new round of big ** will be formed, and the next universe will be born.

The universe is the general term for all things in heaven and earth. The word universe first appeared in the book "Corpse" in the corpse school of the Warring States period. The corpse leader thinks:

The upper and lower four directions are said to be the universe, and the past and present are called the universe. In this way, we can know that "universe" means space and "universe" means time. The concepts of space and time have evolved over time.

The boundaries of the universe have gradually expanded with the progress of astronomy.

The universe is made up of dark matter. Dark energy. Fixed star.

Satellite. Black holes and other components, the universe originated 13.7 billion years ago and was born, and the universe was just an extremely dense one at the beginning. The tiny dot finally becomes the universe, whether the universe is finite or infinite, no one knows so far, and the universe that satisfies the cosmological principle (uniform isotropy in three-dimensional space) is certainly boundless.

However, whether it is limited or not should be discussed in three cases.

If the curvature of three-dimensional space is positive, then the universe will be finite and boundless. However, it is different from Einstein's finite and boundless static universe, which is dynamic, will change with time, constantly pulsate, and cannot be stationary. This universe begins with an infinitely small singularity in space**, expanding.

The material density of this singularity is infinitely high, the temperature is infinitely high, the curvature of space is infinite, and the curvature of space-time in four dimensions is also infinite. During the expansion process, the temperature of the universe gradually decreases, and the density of matter, the curvature of space, and the curvature of space-time all gradually decrease. Once the volume expands to a maximum, it turns into contraction.

In the process of shrinkage, the temperature rises again, the density of matter, the curvature of space and the curvature of space-time gradually increase, and finally reaches a new singularity.

Have you ever heard of the mysteries of the universe? There are 400.1 trillion planets in the universe, such as Jupiter, Mars, and Venus, and scientists estimate that there may be no less than 3.2 billion stars in the Milky Way, the solar system is the center and a collection of all celestial bodies that feel the gravitational constraint of the sun, including eight planets, as well as at least 173 known moons, five identified dwarf planets and hundreds of millions of small celestial bodies in the solar system.

The entire infrared band, including the range of wavelengths of microns (1 mm). It is usually divided into two zones: the near-infrared region of microns and the far-infrared region of 25 1000 microns; There are also people divided into three districts:

Near-infrared (microns), mid-infrared (3 30 microns) and far infrared (30 1000 microns). Celestial bodies with temperatures below 4000 K mainly radiate in the infrared region (see figure). Infrared detection is a powerful means of observing celestial objects obscured by cosmic dust; There are many important molecular spectral lines in the infrared band; Many extragalactic objects have stronger radiation in the far infrared region.

Infrared astronomy is becoming one of the most important areas of field astronomy.

Infrared astronomical observations on the ground are very limited by the Earth's atmosphere. Molecules such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone in the atmosphere absorb most of the celestial radiation in the infrared band, and only a few transparent atmospheric windows are available for terrestrial observations, in which the designated infrared photometric systems are J (microns), H (microns), K (microns), L (microns), M (microns), N (microns), and Q (21 microns).

There are also radio telescopes, which analyze everything in the universe by collecting electromagnetic waves.

The Hubble Telescope also observes the universe in the visible light band, which is essentially no different from the human eye.

All telescopes, caliber is justice. I want to see farther and more clearly, only to increase the caliber. There is no atmosphere, a super-large caliber, and no electromagnetic environment interference ......Therefore, the construction of a very large telescope on the far side of the moon is likely to be the direction of future telescopes.

In ancient times, human beings would observe the universe with the naked eye in the visible light band, and the telescope made by Galileo later not only allowed humans to see farther, but also the current Hubble telescope also observed the universe in the visible light band, which is essentially no different from the human naked eye.

For the time being, technology is not yet advanced to that position, so we have no other way to observe.

Use a scientific transmitter to the corresponding position for observation.

Use specific scientific detection methods, analysis of data, etc.

There is also through all kinds of space vehicles.

There are many other classes of space telescopes.

In addition to using a telescope, you can only use a telescope.

You can't see anything except with a telescope.