How have animals influenced the course of human history?

I personally agree with the importance of the horse, which is a vital weapon for many civilizations, especially in the era of agriculture and nomadic confrontation in Eurasia, as well as the Spanish conquest of South America. But I don't really agree with the idea of ranking the roles of various types of animals. This is partly due to the fact that the animals used and domesticated by the civilizations of each region are very different:

In the path of exploiting and domesticating animals, human beings cannot be viewed as a whole. Domestic pigs, which provide the Chinese with their main animal protein, are of little importance in the Muslimized Middle East; The civilization of the Americas, the civilization of the Americas, was unaware of the existence of such an animal. On the other hand, the importance of animals to humans is constantly changing as the course of history progresses:

Cows, which were once the main agricultural laborers, have gradually transformed into milk meat and leather** in the context of agricultural modernization, and war horses, which have played an important role in military history, are now only reduced to large toys for the wealthy class. When it comes to the importance of horses, I personally agree that horses are vital to the survival of many civilizations, especially in the history of agriculture and nomadic rivalry in Eurasia, as well as in the era of Spanish conquest of South America. But I don't really agree with the idea of ranking the roles of various types of animals.

This is partly due to the fact that the animals used and domesticated by civilizations in different regions are very different: humans cannot be seen as a whole in the path of exploiting and domesticating animals. Domestic pigs, which provide the Chinese with their main animal protein, are of little importance in the Muslimized Middle East; The civilization of the Americas, the civilization of the Americas, was unaware of the existence of such an animal.

On the other hand, as history progresses, the importance of animals to human beings is constantly changing: cattle, which were once the main agricultural labor, have gradually transformed into milk and leather** in the context of agricultural modernization, and war horses, which have played an important role in military history, are now only large toys for the wealthy class. <>

The wolf that lives next to humans becomes a dog, which shows great adaptability and quickly finds its place. At that time, human beings were in a fishing, hunting and gathering society, and the emergence of dogs greatly improved the hunting efficiency of human beings for the above-mentioned wild animals, they could quickly pursue, outflank with humans, and directly participate in the attack, and many paintings depicting dogs participating in hunting scenes were found in petroglyphs around the world, and in the Paleolithic tombs of different civilizations, the dogs were always placed together with hunting tools. In addition, both dogs and people have a strong sense of territory, which makes dogs a natural guard and guard, and to this day, there are many dogs loyally crouching at the door of the yard, vigilantly watching every move outside the door.

Many civilizations have also used dogs as food – at least as an emergency food – but they have not developed on a large scale because of the importance of dogs' other roles and the low feed conversion ratio of carnivores. <>

In addition to marine fishing, humans have gradually said goodbye to hunting, and most dogs do not need to take care of the house, they have become more companions. In the last two or three hundred years, in order to get a certain genetic mutation, people deliberately create inbreeding, in order to obtain the so-called purebred, that is, the genetic mutation has been stabilized new dog breeds, human beings on this road farther and farther, breeding hundreds of dog breeds with great differences in appearance and size, some extreme dog breeds although there is no physiological reproductive isolation, but physical reproductive isolation. Because of the large number of inbreeding in the breeding process, many purebred dogs are not only weak and sickly, but also suffer from genetic diseases:

Golden Retriever Touring Dogs are susceptible to cancer, Dalmatian Dogs are susceptible to ** diseases, and Pomeranian is susceptible to cataract ......From wild wolves to purebred pet dogs. <>

Human-induced extinction is not a recent phenomenon. Paleontologist Julian Hume believes that the problem began 10,000 years ago, when humans began migrating from Africa to Eurasia, North America, South America and Oceania. The fossil record shows a significant increase in the number of large animals that went extinct in these areas between a few hundred and a thousand years after the arrival of humans.

Such an astonishing rate of extinction can be compared to the non-avian dinosaurs that were wiped out by an asteroid impact 65 million years ago. So, what makes these animals so vulnerable to human infestation?

Humans who migrate <> are likely to see native animals as food or as a threat. However, these animals have never encountered humans before and therefore do not realize that humans are also potential predators. This made them particularly vulnerable, and the human colonizers were quick to take advantage of this.

As the most intelligent animals on the planet, humans are constantly learning, finding new ways to solve problems, and engaging in deep reflection and evaluation of their work; These are just a few of the aspects that define human intelligence. In view of this wisdom, shouldn't human beings be more concerned about the consequences of their actions? Unfortunately, the reality is brutal.

Human beings on the earth are the most advanced animals in the evolutionary group, and they are the masters of the earth, and the survival of other kinds of animals is disturbed by human beings to varying degrees, there are too many such cases, and the whales who died in the sea found that the white garbage bags are the stories of marine pollution, and human reclamation of farmland, deforestation, overgrazing, poaching, abuse of pesticides, water pollution, etc. are all aspects of human beings affecting animal life or destroying the living environment.

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Humans carry out a series of industrial and agricultural production activities, discharge sewage, use a lot of fertilizers, pesticides, and thus expose animals to human invasion.

Because of the destruction of the earth's environment, these animals are unable to adapt to the current living environment, so they are particularly vulnerable to human invasion.

It is because of the destruction of the environment, the living environment is destroyed, there is no way to find food well, and in the end it can only lead to extinction.

<> "These 8 Animals Have Changed the History of Human Development.

In ancient times, the relationship between humans and horses was much more intimate and tacit than in modern society. Horses are the main means of transportation and transportation, helping people to get where they want to go easily. At the same time, horses are also an important strategic material combat partner of a country and tribe.

In The Great Coexistence, renowned archaeologist and anthropologist Brian Fagan focuses on how humans domesticated eight animals, including horses, in the course of historical evolution and social development, established intimate work and coexistence, and changed history.

These 8 animals that have profoundly influenced the course of human society are: dogs, horses, cows, pigs, donkeys, goats, sheep, and camels. Today, we are familiar with these eight animals, which have their own characteristics and functions.

Today, we are familiar with these eight animals, which have different characteristics and functions of the silver steak. But in ancient times, their relationship and status with human beings were very different from those of modern society.

15,000 years ago, dogs were the first animals to be domesticated by humans, gradually domesticated from wild wolves to domestic dogs, helping their owners hunt, guarding their homes, and becoming the most loyal companions of humans.

Horses are also an important tool of warfare. Between the 10000 and 2000 BC periods, the Hittites established a formidable army of horse-drawn chariots and became the overlords of Asia Minor. It also helped the Roman Empire to conquer its vast territory.

Their transportation footprint even crosses borders, transporting domestic goods to foreign countries, and transporting goods back to China from abroad, becoming an important boost for foreign economic development and cultural dissemination, such as the famous Silk Road.

Cattle were domesticated in 7000 BC to help humans produce meat and were an important economic engine in agrarian societies, as well as an important private property, a symbol of wealth and power.

Plants are grains and cotton. The animal is a ploughing ox.

With the five grains, human beings can bid farewell to the hunting lifestyle and enter the agricultural stage, can they produce food on a large scale, feed more people more calmly, and have time to develop culture and politics. Ploughing cattle is an indispensable condition for human beings to carry out farming. With cotton, there will be textile technology, and human beings will bid farewell to the stage of animal skin.

Morgan's fruit flies! Morgan's fruit flies! Morgan's fruit flies!

Fruit flies have always occupied the most important place in Morgan's heart, taking advantage of their small and fertile traditions, but all he raised in his old age were red-eyed fruit flies. One day in May 1910, Morgan came to the laboratory slowly, only to find that a white-eyed male fruit fly had been born. This is the first time that the white bush blue-eyed fruit fly appeared, Morgan was ecstatic, quickly took it home, put it in a bottle next to the bed, hugged it to sleep at night, and brought it back to the laboratory during the day, in order to give full play to the maximum value of Xiaobai's frank Zheng Zheng, he mated Xiaobai with a little red, and produced all Xiaohong in the next generation of fruit flies, a total of 1240 (once again lamenting the excellent reproductive ability of the fruit fly family).

Morgan then mates another female, Xiaobai, with a normal male, Xiaohong. But among their children, the male flies all have white eyes, while the female flies all have red eyes. It is precisely because of fruit flies that Lao Mo put forward the "chromosomal inheritance theory" in 1911:

The genes that represent the genetic secrets of living organisms do exist on the chromosomes of germ cells. The "Genetic Theory" was created. The fruit fly brought such great success to Morgan's research that it was later said that the fruit fly was created by God specifically for Morgan.

Since there is no animal left in the Americas that can be domesticated into large animal power (it has been eaten), the agricultural level of American civilization has not been able to surpass manual agriculture for thousands of years, which directly leads to its ability to transport and gather food, the level of civilization cannot go up, and the ability to resist disasters is extremely poor. The core structure of labor force and combat effectiveness is still basically around the Xia Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty, and even the level of the Zhou Dynasty cannot reach the number of lands, and the Zhou Dynasty still has large-scale use of chariots. This eventually led to the silent and total extinction of Native American civilizations.

The food chain, human beings are now at the top of the food chain, have a top advantage.

What is evolution? To put it bluntly, species change in order to adapt to changes in the environment.

Of course, this definition is based on the results, and in fact the evolution of species is very random. This paragraph is an introduction to evolution, and you can skip it if you are too lazy to watch it. First, let's assume that we have siblings.

We are similar to our parents and our brothers and sisters, because our parents pass on their genes to us and our brothers and sisters, and the genes show the same shape, which is called heredity. But in addition to identical twins, there are still differences between us and our siblings, and there are some differences between us and our parents, which is genetic variation. Heredity and variation are not contradictory, heredity will change, and variation can also be inherited, and if some variations are passed down from generation to generation, and at the same time, there will be generations of mutations, and the newly born individual will become completely different from the ancestors, which is evolution.

Heredity is replicated as it is, but mutation is rolled within the allowable range, so mutation is random, mutation has no purpose in itself, may or may not bring benefits. Just like the giraffe's ancestor had a longer neck than others, and ate leaves that others couldn't eat, it benefited from it, and did not starve to death, and the long neck gene was inherited. However, it is also possible that some individuals mutated into a short neck and eventually starved to death, so this mutation was not preserved.

Therefore, mutations that are more favorable to the environment in which the individual lives give the individual more chances of survival, and thus the opportunity for reproduction and genetically favorable variation, and the last generation forms an evolution. Variations that adapt to the environment are left behind, and mutations that cannot survive are eliminated, so as a result, evolution is to adapt to changes in the environment.

So there has always been variation, and evolution has always existed. Because the world is not static, the environment is constantly changing, only to a degree that we cannot perceive. But for species, if they don't advance, they will retreat, and evolution is going on all the time.

So what about the human impact in this? Do you think human activity is accelerating or slowing down the change on the planet? So the answer is actually obvious, human beings can be said to have been promoting evolution, and many of the extinctions that have occurred in modern times are caused by human inferiority.

However, it should be noted that evolution is a neutral word, and promoting evolution is also a neutral word. Nature itself has a set of laws of change, and the birth and extinction of species are common things, and human beings are in it, whether it is catalytic or hindering, it is a neutral word. <>