What are the characteristics of agricultural regional development in ancient China?

In order to grasp the process, characteristics and laws of the development of agriculture in ancient China, it is necessary to make an appropriate period of the history of agriculture in ancient China. Due to different understandings and different angles of looking at the problem, people can adopt different staging methods. On the surface, the periodization of agricultural history is subjective and arbitrary, but in fact it has an objective standard, and this standard is the stage of agricultural development itself.

Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: "Although the nature of the fundamental contradiction and the nature of the process in the process of development of things have not changed, the fundamental contradiction has taken the form of gradual intensification in various stages of development in the long process. Moreover, some of the contradictions and contradictions that are defined or affected by the fundamental contradictions have intensified, some have been temporarily or partially resolved, or eased, and some have occurred, so that the process has become staged.

1] The stages of the development of China's agriculture are the objective basis for the periodization of China's agricultural history.

The periodization of agricultural history and the periodization of social history are related and different. Agriculture is a special form of material movement, which is a form of human intervention in the growth process of natural organisms by various means, so that it can produce food and other products needed by human beings in the continuous material circulation and energy transformation with the external environment. It is a combination of the natural reproduction process and the economic reproduction process.

The stage of development of this economic activity is distinguished not by the changes in the natural reproduction process, but by the development of the means, content and scale of human intervention in the natural reproduction process. With the enhancement of human beings' ability to understand and transform nature, agricultural production tools, production technology, production structure, production content, scale and layout are always changing slowly or rapidly, so that agricultural production shows the same stage. In addition to the mutual constraints between the factors of agricultural productivity, various agricultural sectors and regions, the phased development of agricultural productivity is also affected by socio-economic, political and natural factors.

The main characteristics of the development of agriculture in ancient China were the small-scale peasant economy of male ploughing and female weaving, intensive cultivation, and self-sufficiency. Emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce was the basic agricultural economic policy adopted by ancient Chinese rulers, and agriculture was the most basic economic form in ancient China. The invention and improvement of industrial farming tools, relatively mature agricultural technology, and relatively complete agricultural management were among the outstanding characteristics of the ancient Chinese economy.

The natural economy, which is based on small farmers and self-employment, is the basic form of China's economy. Successive rulers have established a land system and a tax system, and through adjustment, the relations of production have been improved, creating conditions for the development of the agricultural economy.

1.It is mainly planted and supplemented by livestock breeding.

2.Agriculture is combined with cottage industry, and "male ploughing and female weaving" is the common business model3Continuously improve the production tools, production technology, intensive cultivation of the production mode is becoming more and more perfect, the social division of labor

1.Livestock is separated from agriculture.

2.Handicrafts were separated from agriculture.

Factors of the ancient agrarian economy:

1.External factors: livestock breeding and cottage industry.

2.Internal factors: intensive cultivation of the production model.

The evolution of Chinese containers:

Pottery, bronze, lacquerware, porcelain.

With the development of handicraft science and technology in the Spring and Autumn Period, a book about the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period appeared.

The monograph on handicraft science and technology is a key description of Zhao Guo.

Design standards and production techniques of various official web handicrafts. It not only played a vital role in the development of engineering design in China, but was also unique in the world at that time.

Northern song dynasty. In the last years, Li Jie.

The "Construction Law" is an excellent work in the history of Chinese construction, which describes and delicately outlines the building decoration materials, structures and styles. Song Yingxing of the Ming Dynasty wrote "Tiangong Kaiwu", which summarized the production technology of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industry in the Ming Dynasty, and was called "the encyclopedic dictionary of Chinese processing technology in the 17th century" overseas. In addition, it has also obtained some overseas technology, such as wax satin weaving method, Korean cotton printing and dyeing method and Western countries Zhanteng artillery barracks casting method, which shows that overseas technology has gradually been introduced and has become an indispensable professional knowledge for everyone.

The characteristics and transformation of the development of handicraft industry in ancient China Handicraft industry is one of the two pillar industries of China's ancient social and economic development. The development of handicraft production and manufacturing is directly related to the development of human development.

The development of handicrafts in ancient China had the main characteristics: the development of agriculture and animal husbandry and handicrafts were closely linked, but the development of handicrafts was constrained by agriculture. Handicrafts, personal handicrafts and farmer family handicrafts are closely combined, but for a long time, handicrafts have been dominant.

From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the folk handicraft industry has developed greatly. It has expanded in scale and advanced technology, and has slowly taken over the dominant position, driving commercial services and urban prosperity.

The rulers have long implemented the current policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, and the development of handicrafts has fallen behind. The peasant family suffered a cruel feudal society.

Exploitation, extreme poverty, unable to buy finished products from the market. Large landlords and merchants used the money obtained from exploitation to buy land, which seriously affected the expansion and production of handicrafts. At the same time, the rulers of feudal society also strictly controlled the scale of operation of handicraft manufacturing.

With the expansion of the handicraft industry in the private sector, its operating model has changed. In the second half of the Ming Dynasty, it was accompanied by the regional market economy of Jiangnan.

With the development of more and more large and medium-sized workshops and workshops employing a lot of workers, thus forming a "family asset allocation of equipment."

"Productivity of mechanical workers" and "everyday use value" of both labor and management, the germ of capitalism.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the handicraft industry in Jiangnan and Guangdong increased in the budding capitalism, the scale of small handicraft workshops was further expanded, and the budding capitalism further developed.

In ancient times, the main agricultural areas were in these places in the south of the Yangtze River, and the local soil and weather were very suitable for the growth of crops, and the connection between agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in ancient times was also very close, which was a circular effect, which would also help the subsequent development and collective adjustment.

China's main agricultural areas are in Shanxi, Shandong and Jiangnan; The difference between these three is that ancient agriculture can directly derive ancient handicrafts, and the prosperity of agriculture and handicrafts will lead to ancient commerce.

In ancient agricultural areas, mostly near the Yellow River Valley, agriculture and handicrafts led to the development of commerce, agriculture evolved into handicrafts, and agriculture and handicrafts made commerce prosperous.