How are pigments produced? How are pigments formed?

Melanin is synthesized by melanocytes, and human melanocytes are transformed from prerequisite cells in the embryonic neural crest. Melanocytes are mainly distributed in the basal layer of the epidermis and the outer heel tip of the hair follicle, followed by the mucous membranes, choroids, retina, leptomeninges, gallbladder, ovaries, etc., which are a kind of glandular cells. Melanocytes can synthesize and secrete melanin, which is actually a protein that is found in everyone's body, and the biosynthesis process of melanin is extremely complex.

Pigments I can only tell you are chloroplasts synthesized. This is too difficult. You can only learn in college that chlorophyll synthesis requires strong light and high temperature, and you see that the leaves will turn yellow in autumn because the light is weak and the temperature is low, the chlorophyll synthesis is blocked, and chlorophyll is easy to decompose when it sees light, so it turns yellow, and magnesium ions (which are components) and iron ions (which affect the transport of substances) will also affect the synthesis of chlorophyll.

Human color is influenced by four biological pigments, the most important of which is melanin. Melanin is produced by melanocytes. Melanocytes are found in the epidermis, dermis, mucosal epithelium, etc.

Among them, there are about 2 trillion melanocytes in the human epidermal layer, with a total weight of about 1 gram, and an average of 1560 melanocytes per square millimeter. The differences in skin color between human races, men and women are closely related to the activity of melanocytes, the abundance of melanosomes, the degree of melanosome melanization, and the endocrine transformation and aggregation of melanosomes in keratinocytes.

Regardless of which factor causes vitiligo, pathological research on the pathogenesis and progression of vitiligo is extremely important. We apply the theories of biology, biochemistry, physiology and immunology, combined with clinical pathology, especially experimental pathology, and adopt emerging technologies in the medical field in recent years, from histochemistry, cytochemistry, chromosome examination, as well as immunohistochemistry and molecular biotechnology to conduct in-depth research, and find that the synthesis of cell matrix proteins (the main components that make up cellular ribonucleic RNA and DNA DNA) is controlled by sulfhydryl compounds (--SH,-- SH compounds act through cytoactive enzymes.

When -SH increases, tyrosinase activity is inhibited, pigment cell activity decreases, and melanin production is disrupted and decreased. When —SH decreases, tyrosinase is active and melanin increases. That is to say:

The accumulation of SH chemical genes as toxic substances in ** cells is the direct source of cellular inactivation of pigments.

Pigments: substances that give an organism a variety of different colors. Certain pigments play an important role in physiological processes, such as chlorophyll in plants, which can carry out photosynthesis.

Use. Pigments are raw materials that give a certain color. People often choose goods by sight, touch, smell and other sensory sheds, and pigment is an important part of vision, so whether the pigment is used appropriately also plays a decisive role in the quality of the product.

1) Synthetic pigment for vegetarian food: The pigment synthesized from chemical industry is called synthetic pigment. (2) The commonly used inorganic pigments for inorganic pigments include iron oxide, carbon black, chromium oxide green, etc., which have good lightfastness and are insoluble in water. (3) The commonly used natural pigments of natural pigments are annatto, cochineal, chlorophyll, curcumin and lutein.

Type. There are two types of food pigments commonly used now: natural pigments and synthetic pigments.

Natural pigments are derived from natural substances, mainly from plant tissues, but also include some pigments from animals and microorganisms. Synthetic pigments refer to organic pigments prepared by artificial chemical synthesis methods, mainly made from aniline dyes isolated from coal tar.

1. Food coloring is a kind of pigment, that is, a kind of food additive that can be eaten by people in moderation to change the original color to a certain extent. Food coloring, like food flavor, is divided into natural and synthetic.

2. Natural pigments are prepared from natural colored plants, using the middle skin, shell, leaves, residues, etc. of colored plants, and also made by animals, such as lac pigment feast potato, that is, cochineal pigment, and microbial pigment such as koshitin; In addition to the caramel pigment obtained by heating and coking the caramel pigment at high temperature, it is mostly extracted by water and related solutions, and then further refined, concentrated and dried, and the colored plants are boiled, dried and crushed directly.