Is it true that there are two kinds of relationships between things, namely, correlation and causati

The world is universally connected, and the connections are universal, objective and diverse. Looking at problems from the perspective of connections requires us to understand and observe things from the perspective of objectivity, universality and diversity of connections, and learn to use the relationship between the whole and the parts and the method of system optimization to analyze the specific connections of things. 

The world is eternally evolving, and the essence of development is the advance and rise of things, the birth of new things and the destruction of old things. Looking at the problem from the perspective of development requires us to make it clear that the future is bright and the road is tortuous. It also requires us to be prepared for quantitative changes and promote qualitative changes in things. [**：

The essence and core of clue 2 materialist dialectics: the law of contradiction.

Contradiction is the unity of opposites, which has two attributes, namely identity and struggle. The essence of the problem of contradiction - the relationship between the universality and particularity of the contradiction. The universality of contradiction refers to the ubiquity of contradiction and the presence of contradiction at all times, and the particularity of contradiction refers to the fact that the contradictory thing and each aspect of it has its own characteristics.

The relationship between the universality and particularity of contradictions, that is, the relationship between the commonality and individuality, the general and the individual, of contradictions. The contradiction analysis method is the fundamental method for us to understand things, and to look at problems from the contradictory viewpoint, we must adhere to the unity of the two-point theory and the key theory, and persist in the specific analysis of specific problems. 

Clue 3: The fundamental requirement of materialist dialectics: innovation

The reason why innovation is placed in the system of materialist dialectics is mainly because innovation is the fundamental requirement of materialist dialectics. The philosophical basis of innovation, that is, the dialectical view of negation. Dialectical negation is the link of development and the link of connection, and its essence is "promotion and abandonment".

To innovate, we must be good at using critical thinking, be good at independent thinking, constantly emancipate our minds, seek truth from facts, and keep pace with the times. Innovation is the soul of national progress, which mainly refers to the promotion of innovation in the development of social productive forces, the transformation of production relations and social systems, and the development of human thinking and culture.

In fact, if this is not an absolute existence of two relationships, then there are actually many kinds of relationships, which is just a relatively simple generalization.

There is such a relationship between the two, but it is not absolute.

I think it's very true that there are two kinds of relationships between things, namely, correlation and causality.

Think about the relationship and causality, is this sentence true.

Everything has a law, and there is a law and the world is peaceful! It's about the relationship between nature and the relationship between people!

So the question you are asking can be said to be very general! It's hard to give you a standard answer! But you just have to remember that everything is related, and there are ups and downs, and there are ups and downs! Where there is a cause, there is an effect.

As a general philosophical category, connection usually refers to the interconnection, interdependence, mutual influence, interaction, and mutual transformation between things or phenomena and between the internal elements of things. In the infinite universe, connection is not a temporary, special relationship between individual things, but an objective, universal nature common to all things, phenomena, and processes; Nothing can exist in isolation, it is connected to everything else; The world is a unified whole in which everything is interconnected; Everything is a part, component, or link in a unified web of connections, and it embodies universal connections.

In addition to cause and effect, there are at least the following relationships between things.

First, the contradictory relationship, two things can not exist at the same time, there is you without me, there is me without you, the story of the legendary "spear and shield" is its classic elaboration.

Second, the relationship between the two things cannot not exist at the same time, one must exist.

Third, the transformation relation, under certain conditions, one thing can transform another thing.

Fourth, dependency, two things must work together in order to work, such as a lock and a key, and if you lose the key, the lock will lose its meaning; Without a lock, there will be nowhere to use the key.

Fifth, the relationship of opposites, the relationship of opposites is also the relationship of unity, if you don't understand, think again.

。These relationships help us to understand the world outwardly, our own little universe internally, and help me to reveal all sorts of bizarre connections ...

variables in addition to functions.

In addition to relations (causal relationships), there are correlations, but these relations cannot be accurately expressed in terms of functional relations.

In other words, there is a deterministic relationship between two variables (cause and effect) in a functional relationship (causality), such as the area and side length of a square. A correlation is a non-deterministic relationship, such as the sales of a product and the cost of advertising.

Pure handmade, the landlord gives a good review!!

The reason behind this is the weather--- the number of people drowning and the weather--- the sales of ice cream.

When a thing is related to another thing, it is called a relation. Correlation generally refers to the fact that a thing, whether good or bad, must be related to some person or thing as long as it happens. Including any uncertainties, the existence of components is directly or indirectly related to the relationship.

This is called a correlation.

Causality: That is, if there is a certain cause, there will be some effect. The causes of causality can be good and bad, and the results are different. There are good results and bad results.

Correlation does not imply causation.

Determination of causation.

To prove that A can lead to B being true, the following three conditions must be met:

1 A and B are related.

2 A must occur before B.

3 All other factor c has been excluded.

……In fact, it is often said that all the relationships that we can be sure of are correlations, but we cannot draw causal conclusions within ourselves. However, between correlation and causation, we can and must make a distinction. ......

Therefore, we must rephrase causality so that causality is more than just a correlation. Suppose at any time under condition c, event y will occur as long as event x occurs, plus if x does not occur, then y will not occur, or if y does not occur, then x does not occur either. Then it can be said that x is the reason for y.

Therefore, there is not only a strong interrelationship between events, but also a sufficient and necessary conditional relationship. Given the condition c, then x is a sufficient condition for y to occur, and y is a necessary condition for x to occur.

Causal and correlated relationshipsCausal relationships: Cause refers to the phenomenon that causes a certain phenomenon, and the result refers to the phenomenon correlation caused by the action of the cause: also known as association relationship, analogous relationship, and non-hierarchical relationship.

Refers to all kinds of relationships between categories or between search terms other than equivalence and hierarchical relationships.

Necessary causation is a legal term, one of the theories on criminal causation in criminal law circles. The intrinsic, inevitable, and regular connection between the harmful behavior and the harmful result is caused and caused. 2. Causality can only be said to be the universal connection of affairs.

1. Case 1.

Ouyang Xiu was a famous writer and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, when he was an official in Yingzhou, a young man named Lu Gongzhen under his command, once Ouyang Xiu's friend Fan Zhongyan visited his home, and Ouyang Xiu invited Lu Gongzhen to entertain guests together. During the banquet, Fan Zhongyan said to the young man: It's great that you can do things by Ouyang Xiu's side, you should ask him more about the skills of writing essays and poems.

Since then, under Ouyang Xiu's words and deeds, he has also become a celebrity in the literary world.

2. Case 2.

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, a young writer named Mu Shiying wrote a book "North and South Pole" that exposed the darkness of the old society, which caused a sensation in the literary world. However, when he arrived at Shiliyangchang, he was affected by the decadent lifestyle there, and even wrote an article praising the life of a drunken gold fan.

3. Case 3.

Meng's mother chose to live next to her neighbor and moved three times. At first, his home was not far from a cemetery, and Xiao Meng Ke saw some scenes of mourners, and he imitated them, burying coffins and building tombs on the sand all day long. Seeing that such an environment was not good for the child, Meng's mother moved to a market town.

Little Meng Ke learned the shouting and shouting of small traders, and Meng's mother had to move to a school nearby. Meng Ke imitated the elegant etiquette of the school children such as politeness, and Meng's mother said reassuringly: This is the place where the children can live.

4.A partner has a very contagious ** disease, and many parents tell their children not to be with him, but there is a little boy whose parents are doctors who go to and from school and play with his friends as always. He was reminded by a kind neighbor who said:

If I am healthy, I am not afraid of others contagious; If I am a good person, I am not afraid that others will teach me to learn bad, because good people will not learn bad. Sure enough, until the sick friend recovered, the little boy was not infected. After reading this story, I wondered:

Will those who are near ink be black? ”

5.Zhang Heng is a well-known figure in our family, he invented the geokinetic instrument, and also has research in astronomy, physics, etc. Zhang Heng had many confidants in his youth, such as Ma Rong, Wang Fu, Cui Ming, etc., these were very talented young people at that time, especially Cui Ming, who studied astronomy, mathematics, and almanacs very early, Zhang Heng often studied problems with him and exchanged experiences, and Zhang Heng's further research on astronomy, physics and other sciences was influenced by Cui Ming.

Causality and correlation are two forms of illustrating the connection between things, and they are often used by people.

Confusing the two relationships. Confusing causality with correlation is a common psychological misunderstanding, especially in investment practice, where it is not uncommon to mistake correlation as causation and lead to decision-making errors and investment losses. Therefore, in order to eliminate this psychological misunderstanding from the source, it is necessary to get to the root of the problem and analyze it in detail.

The so-called causal relationship, simply put, is a b. That is, the occurrence of event A leads to the occurrence of event B. The most common causal relationship is one cause and one effect, and there are also forms such as one cause and multiple effects, one effect and many causes, and many causes and many effects.

The so-called correlation, as the name suggests, is that there is a correlation between the two events. In statistics, the correlation between two random variables x and y is expressed by the correlation coefficient xy (xy 1). The random variable we are talking about here is what we usually call a mathematical abstraction of an event.

If xy≠0, then x is said to be related to y: when xy> 0, x is said to be positively correlated with y; When xy< 0, x is said to be negatively correlated with y; In particular, when xy=1, x is said to be completely positively correlated with y; When xy=-1, x is said to be completely negatively correlated with y; When xy=0, x is said to be uncorrelated with y.

In the face of all kinds of uncertainties in the objective world, people like to look for reasons and transform uncertainty into certainty, although this transformation is often only psychological. This is the immutable weakness of human nature.

We are accustomed to translating correlations into causal relationships to explain things around us, and our exploration of causality in the objective world always starts with correlations. Lazy people are accustomed to rushing to conclusions rather than after careful thinking and argumentation, which can easily lead to errors. Common mistakes can take the following forms:

1. Arbitrarily determine causality.

There is an age-old fallacy: "If B happens immediately after A, then A must lead to B." ”

Here, perhaps, A is the cause of B, and B is the effect of A, but it is more likely that A and B are not causal to each other, but are both products of a third factor.

2. Small sample error.

This is a kind of data "trap". The reason for this is that the sampling is too small, and even if the analysis and reasoning process is correct, it does not necessarily lead to the right conclusion.

3. Treat correlation as causality.

In many cases, there is only a correlation between variables, but whether there is a causal relationship is still unknown. Therefore, it is not advisable to rush to conclusions until it is clear that there is indeed a causal relationship between the variables.

4. Take the relationship as the basis for decision-making.

For decision-making problems in complex systems, even if a correlation is real and there is a real causal relationship, we still cannot make behavioral decisions based on it. This is a typical example, and the problem is the complexity of the system.

Psychological misunderstandings about correlation and causality are widely used in intentional, unintentional, benign and malicious "deception" activities. The most common** is the use of real correlations to support an unproven causal relationship, as is advertising.

Because I'm a student, I'm going to study. Because, so it is cause and effect.