What are the style characteristics of the jade cup in the Song Dynasty?

During the Tang and Song dynasties, jade cups, jade bowls, jade washes, etc., jade belt ornaments also appeared to indicate the high rank of officials. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, in addition to the utensils, furnishings, study utensils and other jade in the physical utensils are very colorful, there are also large-scale decorative works, such as the autumn mountain travel map jade mountain and Dayu water control jade mountain, etc., a piece of work weighs 10,000 catties, the ancient jade carving process to the peak.

It is very important to identify the touch of jade, the real ancient jade is old, the feel is heavy, the appearance is soft and smooth, the color is natural, the knife work is neat, and the pulp is moisturized, while the new jade does not have this feeling. The real jade drips into a dewdrop shape and does not disperse for a long time, it is cold and lubricated to the touch, the color is clear and evenly distributed under the light, and the tongue licks with a slight astringency. The hardness of jade can also identify its authenticity, real jade knife scratches without marks, fake jade does not have such hardness.

The ancients loved jade and preferred to chisel the stone to take out the jade inside, and use the accumulated experience and insight to identify the level of their jade. The ancients said: "The jade test should be burned for three days, and the material must be aged for seven years."

It shows that the identification of jade needs to be precipitated for a long time to identify the value of time in it. There are generally two ways to identify jade: one is the traditional way to determine by eyesight, experience and literature; One is the way to make a determination based on scientific instruments through testing, testing, analysis and other means. In order to avoid damage to cultural relics, the method of biopsy and laboratory testing is generally not easily adopted, so traditional identification methods are more commonly used.

The traditional identification method mainly judges the production age, use, value and authenticity of the jade artifact based on its texture, type, shape, ornamentation, writing, carving skills, etc.

In the Zhuzhu Lane, in front of the Tianku, in front of the Zhouwang Temple, in front of the Baolin Temple, to the south such as Wang Shumi Lane, Stone Tower, Huilong Pavilion, Fanmen Bridge Lane, Bachelor Street until the Jinqiao Lane, you can hear a "rustling" jade sound everywhere. And the jade market on both sides of the Changmen suspension bridge is even more burdensome, paving one after another, so far many old people are still accustomed to calling the suspension bridge "jade bridge". The jade industry regards Zhou Xuanling King as the ancestor, the guild is located in the Zhou Wang Temple, every year from September 13 to 16 of the lunar calendar, nearly 1,000 workshops in the city have to take their most elaborate masterpieces as sacrificial offerings to display.

At that time, merchants from all walks of life gathered, and citizens rushed to observe, and it was very lively. This phenomenon may also be rare in the national jade carving industry. In the heyday of the handicraft industry in the Ming and Qing dynasties, Suzhou jade production reached its peak and became a leader in the same industry in the country.

Drink Fenjiu when using a jade cup, the Song people have a poem: 'The jade bowl holds amber light.' It can be seen that the jade bowl and jade cup can increase the color of the wine.

Guanwai liquor, the taste of wine is excellent, but it is a pity that there is a lack of a fragrant gas, it is best to drink it with a rhino horn cup, then it is very mellow, you must know that the jade cup increases the color of the wine, the rhino horn cup increases the fragrance of the wine, the ancients are honest and do not deceive. As for drinking wine, of course, you have to use a glow-in-the-dark glass. Poetry of the ancients:

Grape wine luminous glass, want to drink the pipa immediately urge. 'You must know that the grape wine is bright red, and my generation of men with eyebrows drink it, which is inevitably not arrogant. When the wine is filled into the glow-in-the-dark glass, the color of the wine is no different from blood, and drinking wine is like drinking blood.

Word cloud: 'Ambition to eat Hulu meat, laugh and talk about thirsty Hun blood' to drink sorghum wine, you must use bronze wine, which has an ancient meaning. As for the rice wine, the best rice wine, although its taste is beautiful, it is lost in sweetness, slightly light, and it should be drunk with a big bucket to show its spirit.

Herb wine, is to collect herbs, immersed in wine, so the wine is fragrant, such as the suburbs of spring, people get drunk before drinking. To drink this herb wine, you must use an ancient vine cup. The hundred-year-old vine is carved into a cup, and drinking herb wine greatly increases the aroma.

Drink Shaoxing champion red mustache with ancient porcelain cups, the best is the Northern Song Dynasty porcelain cup, the Southern Song Dynasty porcelain cup is barely usable, but there is a decay weather, as for the Yuan porcelain, it is inevitably vulgar. Drinking pear blossom wine should be used in a jade cup. Bai Lotian Hangzhou Spring Wangshi Yun:

The red sleeves weave silk and praise persimmon leaves, and the green flag wine takes advantage of the pear blossoms. 'You think, Hangzhou restaurant sells this pear blossom wine, hanging a green flag like a drop of cui, reflecting the spirit of the pear blossom wine, drinking this pear blossom wine, naturally it should be a jade cup. Drink Gyokuro wine with a glass cup.

Gyokuro wine is like beads, and when you drink it in a transparent glass cup, you can see its advantages. The ideal liquor glass is round and has a base, if you hold the glass directly with your hand, it can make the frozen wine warm, and the foot can easily rotate the liquor to make the fragrance spread.

There are many jade cups in the Ming Dynasty, which can be divided into two categories according to the shape, one category is that there are a large number of carved decorations outside the jade cup, which can be called carved cups. The other type is that the cup body is geometric, and these two types of jade cups have many styles.

1. Knead the carving cup.

The cup body of the carved cup is mostly in the shape of flowers, and the remaining material on the outside of the cup body is used to carve and decorate the flower branches and leaves; There are also cups with round and straight mouths, but they are still carved with pine bamboo or other patterns on the outside of the cup; Moreover, the carved part on the outside of some cups is very large, and the volume exceeds that of the cup.

2. Milk nail cup.

The nipple nail cup is named after the outer decoration of the cup with three or four breast nail patterns, the general cup body is shorter, straight mouth, straight wall, the bottom is adducted, the circle foot, the cup is decorated with three or four breast nail lines, and the number of nipple nails is as many as hundred. There are two kinds of nipple nail cups, single handle is ring-shaped, the upper part has a square gild, the ears are square folded ears, and the upper part of the ears is a gui-shaped small gilt.

3. Jade cup.

The jade box cup is named because there is a spout on one side of the cup, there are two types of square and oblong, and there are many kinds of decoration on the outside of the cup, or decorated with landscape patterns, or decorated with cloud and thunder patterns, or long strip-like tile patterns. The cup handle has the equation of the dragon handle and the beast swallowing handle.

Jade peach-shaped cup. The jade peach-shaped cup was first seen in the Yuan Dynasty and is an artistic shaped cup. The cut peach is cup-shaped, and there is a peach-shaped stalk on one side, and there are peach leaves and peach blossoms on the peach branch, which is quite interesting.

In the Ming Dynasty, white jade and green and white jade were selected, and the peach branches and leaves were thicker, the center of the leaves was concave, and the veins of the leaves were short and sparse orange, which was the characteristic of carving.

5. Straight-mouthed Bafang cup.

The body of the cup is octagonal, straight mouth, octagonal foot, foot outboarding, each side of each side folds the handle, and the upper part of the handle has a gui-shaped transverse hammer. The belly of the cup is decorated with a back pattern brocade ground and a dragon abduction pattern.

6. Bucket cups.

The shape of the bucket is the cup shape, the top is wide and the bottom is narrow, the mouth and feet are square, and the appearance is decorated with landscape water pattern, hook cloud pattern, Kui dragon pattern or mountain pattern. There is also a single-handled bucket cup, which is to add a Ganoderma lucidum or square folding handle to one side of the bucket cup.

7. Pengel cup.

Take the lotus petal as the cup shape, one end is pointed, one end is carved with a small lotus, a lotus leaf, and the lotus stem is carved as the cup handle, and the bottom of the cup has a lotus leaf-style foot.

8. Yinghua Cup.

The shape of sunflower petals stacked on top of each other is the wall of the cup, and the bottom of the cup is made of raised stamens, and the side of the cup has okra branches and leaf-like stalks, and the bottom of the cup has round sunflower petal feet. The shape and detail of okra petals are delicately depicted.