What is wave particle duality? Why does everything have this property?

Wave-particle duality originally referred to the substance of "light", which has the characteristics of particles, and at the same time has the characteristics of "light waves".

With the progress of science and technology and the improvement of physics, there is a strict standard for the definition of each substance, and "light" is no exception. <>

There has been a lot of debate in the scientific community about the ontology of the universe, that is, what was before the universe, and the more convincing one is the "universe big **" theory. A distant 13.8 billion years ago, all matter in the universe began with a singularity. After the singularity**, the present universe and everything were formed.

In the early stages of the history of the formation of the universe, the entire universe was in a state of high temperature. It develops in a rapidly expanding state, leaving behind a substance called "glow". <

The great theory of the universe is accurate that this glow should develop in the form of microwaves, and it is in a visible state. As expected, scientists used the precision equipment of orbital probes to accurately measure the possibility of the existence of cosmic microwave backs, which provides a factual basis for the correctness of the big ** theory.

Singularity, what is Singularity? The singularity is a "point" that is thoroughly dense, has a high curvature of space-time, and is infinitely small, but it does not apply to the principles of common physics. <

Through the above facts and examples, we have a preliminary understanding of the two concepts of "light" as a substance and the history of the universe before and after its formation, and the theory with experimental blessings is still credible, but there is still no complete and accurate definition of "light" as a substance.

In this episode, we discuss wave particle duality and why quantum mechanics is stranger than what we are used to in our daily lives! I'll restate wave-particle duality and provide a visual analogy to understand how it works.

The idea that a single arbitrary particle has both wave and particle properties is at the heart of quantum mechanics. This is also the biggest difference between the microscopic world described by quantum mechanics and the macroscopic world we observe.

Wave and particle properties are common characteristics of all microscopic particles. In the macrocosm, a wave is a wave, and a particle is a particle, and it is impossible to unify the two in opposition to each other. For example, a stone is a stone, a wavy rope is a rope, a separate particle, and a separate series of waves, which are completely different and have opposing properties.

But this unity of opposites, in the body of the particle, is inconceivably combined, which is the basic characteristic of the particle in the microscopic world.

A microscopic particle, if it exhibits wave, the particle-like side disappears, and if it exhibits particle-likeness, the wave-like side disappears. It's like two children sitting on a seesaw, one coming up and the other going down. Or like the heads and tails of a coin, you see the heads, you can't see the tails.

What is the specific volatility? The orthodox school of quantum mechanics believes that it is more likely to find particles at the crest of the wave and less likely to find them at the trough. That is, the wave is actually the wave-like distribution and evolution of the probability of a particle appearing in all positions in space.

Particle property means that if a particle is not measured by interference, it is always in a fluctuating state, which means that the specific position of the particle cannot be discussed, or the particle does not have a specific position. However, if it is measured, then this measurement will inevitably interfere with the wave property of the particle, so that the wave property of the particle disappears and actually appears at a random position, which is called wave function collapse in physics.

If it's hard to understand, how can you understand it? Most of us ordinary people can only understand what we can encounter in our daily lives, or what we can deduce.

The wave-particle duality is mainly reflected in the microscopic world, although this phenomenon can be extrapolated to our macrocosm, but according to the calculation of de Broglie waves, the objects around us have very short wavelengths and are unobservable due to their considerable energy.

On the contrary, in the microscopic world, the energy of electrons and photons is relatively small, and their fluctuations can be easily observed.

Is wave-particle duality universal? How to understand?

Photoelectric effect. Electron diffraction pattern.

Young's double-slit experiment.

FigFrom the web.

Not all matter has wave-particle duality.

Wave-particle duality refers to the fact that all particles or quanta can be described not only partly in terms of particles, but also partly in terms of waves. This means that the classical concept of "particles" and "waves" loses the ability to fully describe physical behavior at the quantum scale. Albert Einstein described this phenomenon this way:

It's as if sometimes we have to use one theory, sometimes we have to use another theory, sometimes we have to use both. We have encountered a new class of difficulties that compel us to describe reality with the help of two contradictory points of view, which alone cannot fully explain the phenomenon of light, but which together do. Wave-particle duality is one of the fundamental properties of microscopic particles.

In 1905, Einstein proposed a quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect, and people began to realize that light waves have the dual properties of waves and particles at the same time. In 1924, de Broglie proposed the "matter wave" hypothesis, arguing that, like light, all matter has wave-particle duality. According to this hypothesis, electrons also have wave phenomena such as interference and diffraction, which was confirmed by later electron diffraction experiments.

A wave is not a substance, but a "property", and the definition of a wave in physics is the propagation of a certain physical quantity in space. Sound waves, for example, are the transmission of vibrations from air molecules. One air molecule vibrates, and by "impacting", triggers the vibration of the next molecule.

Therefore, sound waves are actually the propagation of two physical quantities, the amplitude of air molecules or the density of air, in space. Light waves are the propagation of electric and magnetic field strength in space.

Obviously, the propagation of waves in this form is continuous, has a relatively wide spatial range, and takes a certain amount of time. However, this is not the case with particles. A particle is a physical quantity concentrated in an extremely small space area.

is discrete, discontinuous. The propagation of a particle, known as motion, has a distinct boundary, and within this very small boundary, there are properties such as the mass of the particle, beyond which the mass quickly becomes 0, which is particle-likeness.

Wave-particle duality refers to the fact that in the same substance, the same physical quantity, in some phenomena show the properties of waves, which is manifested in a wide range of propagation and a certain amount of time for energy to accumulate. However, in other phenomena, the properties of particles are exhibited, which are manifested in the rapid accumulation of energy and the concentration of physical quantities. Light, for example, shows the nature of a wave during propagation, but when it interacts with other matter, it becomes a photon.

Strictly speaking, any matter has wave-particle duality. This is the conclusion of quantum mechanics. Every substance can show the action of both particles and waves.

What kind of physical quantity does the wave of matter propagate? That is, of course, "existence" itself. A matter wave is the probability of the existence of matter propagating in space.

If you don't understand, please ask.

What does it mean that microscopic particles are also waves at the same time? Personally, I find the image presented by Feynman's path integral form of quantum mechanics particularly amazing, but it also helps to understand the essence of the problem. This bizarre scenario looks something like this:

Each particle (such as an electron) is "incarnated into tens of millions" at every moment, each incarnation particle is infinitely fast and explores a specific path with a certain wave characteristic of the original particle, and all incarnation particles explore all paths in the whole space-time at all possible speeds, and then according to the length of the path, the direction, the situation encountered on the way, and the time required, each incarnation particle returns to "submit a detection report". All the reports of all the avatar particles are aggregated to show the results of the corresponding waves of each path superimposed on each other—which paths are "easier to travel" and which speeds are most appropriate, so that the actual particles are more inclined to actually travel those paths at that speed.

The above description is actually specious, and mathematics must be used to accurately describe physics, and the relevant mathematics is still quite difficult.

From the point of view that all of the above particles have wave-particle duality, electrons and photons are identical, but there are also obvious differences between the two, for example, they have different spins, different charges, and different static masses.

Of course, wave-particle duality means that light can be transmitted like a wave, and has the effect of particles, in fact, this particle is not itself, but the particle he excites, just like a solar silicon panel, which receives the excitation of short waves, so that the particle gains energy and generates an electric current, and this part of the electron is his own, not light.

1.The possibility that a photon is a particle is very large, because the photon may encounter an electron on the way out, and the electron will emit the photon again, because the electron is moving around the nucleus. So the light looks like it falls randomly ......

2.It may be that the space itself is not flat.

It's not the same, isn't it in the book? It's just a way of propagation, particles that travel like waves.

emmmm high school physics to light, talk about their own understanding, people rely on their own perception to understand the world, whether it is waves or particles, is a general description of the characteristics of the substance, light is a kind of actual existence, with the characteristics of waves and particles represented, so it can be said that light "is a wave is also a particle".

First, under the high-speed motion of the object, the moving mass will become larger, which is the reasoning of the special theory of relativity. But one of the derived premises of special relativity is the recognition that photons move at the speed of light in any frame of reference. So you can't use the conclusion to doubt the premise of the conclusion.

That is, the photon velocity is the speed of light, and it does not slowly approach the speed of light from a low velocity, so there is no inference that the photon acceleration process makes the mass infinite.

Second, light is a frequency band in electromagnetic waves, and of course there are sinusoidal changes in electric and magnetic fields. Light is electromagnetic waves, but before people realized that light is electromagnetic waves, this visible electromagnetic wave was named "light". In other words, visible electromagnetic waves are light.

Electromagnetic waves in other frequency bands can also be "seen" with instruments. Night vision devices are seen in the infrared frequency band.

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We all know by now that light has wave-particle duality. Light not only has the properties of waves, but it is also composed of microscopic particles called photons.

We also know that automobiles, rockets, planets and other macroscopic objects can be solved by classical physics, they are composed of microscopic particles and have the characteristics of particles.

But have we ever wondered how large a microscopic particle is so large that it does not have the properties of waves? Is there a clear boundary? There is also a spaceship flying at high speed, when the speed reaches a certain altitude of land, will it also have the nature of waves?

So I guess that not only microscopic particles have wave-particle duality, but all matter does. It's just that the low-velocity objects we usually see have very little volatility and can be ignored. But once the velocity is very large, such as close to the speed of light, such a large object will also have fluctuations.

Wave-particle duality refers to the fact that all particles or quanta can be described not only in terms of particles, but also in terms of waves, and wave-particle duality is one of the basic properties of microscopic particles.

In classical mechanics, there is always a clear distinction between "pure" particles and "pure" waves. The former makes up what we often call "matter", and the latter is a typical example of light waves. Wave-particle duality solves this "pure" particle and "pure" wave problem.

It provides a theoretical framework for any matter to exhibit particle properties at times and wave properties at times. The reason why the fluctuations of objects cannot be observed in everyday life is that they are all too massive, resulting in the de Broglie wavelength being much smaller than the observable limit size, so the size of the wave nature that may occur is outside the scope of daily life experience.