How do humans probe the inner structure of the celestial body?

From the autumn of 1858 to the summer of 1859, the German chemist Bunsen buried himself in his laboratory to conduct an interesting experiment, he invented a gas lamp (called Bunsen burner), the flame of this gas lamp has almost no color, and its temperature can be as high as more than 2,000 degrees, he put the substances containing sodium, potassium, lithium, strontium, barium and other different elements on the flame to burn, the flame immediately produced a variety of different colors. Bunsen was so happy that he thought that maybe from now on he would be able to distinguish the different elements based on the color of the flames. However, when he mixed several elements in different proportions and burned them on the flame, the colors of the more Luo elements were very eye-catching, but the colors of the less elements were missing.

It seems that color alone cannot be used as a basis for judgment. Bunsen had a good friend who was a physicist named Kirchhoff. The two of them often walked together and discussed scientific issues.

One day, Bunsen told Kirchhoff about the difficulties he had encountered in his experiments with flames. The physicist was well aware of Fu Lang and Fei's experiments on the solar spectrum, and even kept a quartz prism that Fu Lang and Fei had personally polished in his laboratory. Kirchhoff listened to Bunsen's question and remembered the experiments of Furan and Fei, so he made a good suggestion to Bunsen not to observe the flame color of the combustible, but to observe its spectrum.

The more they talked, the more excited they became, and finally decided to collaborate on an experiment. Kirchhoff assembled a beamsplitter in his laboratory with a slit, a small telescope, and the quartz prism made of Fulang and Feimo, and the well brought it to Bunsen's laboratory. Bunsen burned substances containing different elements such as sodium, potassium, lithium, strontium, and barium on a Bunsen burner, while Kirchhoff used a spectroscope to aim at the flame.

They found that when different substances burned, they produced different bright-line spectra, and then they put a mixture of several substances on the flame to burn, and they found that the spectral lines of these different substances were still present in the spectrum at the same time, and they did not affect each other. Therefore, according to the spectral characteristics of different elements, it is still possible to identify which substances are in the mixture, just like many people taking a group photo on the same **, and everyone can still be clearly distinguished. In this way, Kirchhoff and Bunsen found a way to identify chemical elements based on their spectra – spectroscopy.

If you have super eyesight, look with your eyes and tell me how many craters you have seen! Wearing glasses doesn't count as a foul on you

Okay, seriously, about the telescope :

Lenses have been around for hundreds of years before someone thought of fitting two lenses together to get a magnified image.

No one knows for sure who was the first to do this, but it is likely that it was a Dutch spectacle maker in the early 17th century.

The first person to patent a telescope was Hans Lipperch, a Dutch optical instrument dealer, who applied for the patent in 1608.

Without hesitation, Lipper set about building the telescope. He gave many telescopes to the Netherlands. When sailors quickly recognized the usefulness of telescopes on ships, telescopes were considered for military and maritime applications.

The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei heard about Lipperch's telescope and made one himself in 1609. He improved on the design and soon used it to study planets and stars. Right:

A modern telescope at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France, equipped with huge lenses and mirrors to observe the depths of the night sky.

Galileo made amazing discoveries with his telescope. He studied the Sun, Venus, Jupiter and its moons, as well as many other celestial bodies. His observations eventually led to a whole new vision of the universe.

Since the time of Galileo, the telescope has been the most important instrument in astronomy. �

Later, a scientist named Isaac Newton improved the telescope. He made "reflective" telescopes out of spherical mirrors and lenses, and found this to be a way to remove chromatic aberration.

Then there are radio, infrared, x-gamma and other telescopes, as well as space telescopes - the Hubble Space Telescope and the space probe.

The earliest was the naked eye, to Galileo's invention of the astronomical telescope, began the observation of telescopes, before there were two kinds of refraction and reflection, and later appeared radio, infrared, x gamma and other telescopes, then human observation entered the era of full-wave astronomy. Of course, in addition to observation from the ground, there is also a space telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the use of space probes, which can observe celestial objects up close. And, of course, the calculations on paper, which Neptune discovered.

In general, only those that are closely related to each other are considered meaningful celestial systems. In astronomy, the gravitational pull of each other is significantly stronger than the gravitational pull of other objects in the universe (scientifically speaking, the gravitational force) of each other. For example, in the solar system, the gravitational attraction between the sun and the planets and the gravitational attraction between the planets is much stronger than that of the surrounding stars (such as the centaur three-star), and it is almost unaffected by other stars, so it is a celestial system.

Stars, planets, asteroids, meteors, comets, star clusters, nebulae, galaxies, quasars, neutron stars, white dwarfs, black holes, dark matter...

Universe - Total Galaxies - Local Supercluster - Local Group of Galacies - Milky Way - Solar System;

Cosmos – Total galaxies – Superclusters – Clusters of galaxies or groups of galaxies – Extragalactic galaxies.

The local supercluster and the supercluster are juxtaposed, the local group of galaxies and the cluster of galaxies and the group of galaxies are juxtaposed, and the Milky Way and extragalactic galaxies are juxtaposed.

In each galaxy there are stars, planets, asteroids, meteors, comets, star clusters, nebulae, quasars, neutron stars, white dwarfs, black holes, dark matter, and so on.

Intergalactic space (the space that exists between galaxies) is filled with extremely thin plasma, with an average density of less than one atom per cubic meter, which can be thought of as a vacuum.

Basically all stars are visible to the naked eye, and among the large planets in the solar system, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are visible to the naked eye. You can also see satellites, of course the moon is also a moon, and it is said that some people with excellent eyesight can see Europa, the third moon of Jupiter, with the naked eye, but I have bad eyesight, so I definitely can't see it. Some meteors and brighter comets can also be seen, as well as some artificial satellites (such as the famous Iridium moon) and the International Space Station.

For the rest, individual bright nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies can also be seen, such as the Orion Nebula, the Pleiades star cluster, the Andromeda extragalactic galaxy M31, etc. Finally, it is said that people with good eyesight can also see the asteroid Ceres.

Agreeing with the above, there are about 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye throughout the day, most of which are stars, a small number of nebulae, galaxies, and the other five planets of the solar system (water, gold, fire, wood, earth), as well as comets close to the sun, asteroids, satellites orbiting the earth, artificial satellites, and so on.

Visible to the naked eye, they are basically stars, plus several planets in the solar system such as Mars, Venus, and Saturn. Of course, sometimes a galaxy that is more distant looks like a single star, but it is actually a collection of many stars.

Satellites, stars, planets and artificial satellites plus some space junk.

A system of small celestial bodies? In general, small celestial bodies rarely form a celestial system on their own or several bodies, and the formation of a celestial system must have a large central celestial body. Because only in this way can there be enough gravitational force to prevent the members of the system from moving away from each other and orbiting each other, and large celestial bodies can better create a stable space environment around themselves.

As far as we are familiar with the celestial system, there are Earth-Moon systems, and extraterrestrial planets also have their own small systems, the solar system, and the Milky Way.

Common ones include binary star systems (e.g., Earth and Moon) and multi-star systems (e.g., solar system).

Celestial bodies all play an role with each other, regardless of distance, but the gravitational force is different.