How do humans perceive the world? What is the process of human understanding of the world?

Among the methods of human cognition of the world, there are three methods that are most commonly used. They are, deduction, induction, and analogy.

Deductive refers to the deference of individual conclusions from general laws. For example, the planets are in motion, which is the general law. On this basis, the Earth also belongs to the planets, so it is also in motion, and this is the individual conclusion.

The main form of deductive reasoning is syllogism, which consists of three parts: the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion. The main functions of the deductive method are: 1. Test hypotheses and theories

The deductive method makes inferences about hypotheses and uses observation and experiments to test hypotheses. 2. Tools for logical argumentation: provide logical proof for the rationality of scientific knowledge.

3. The means of making scientific predictions: apply a principle to specific occasions and make correct reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a kind of necessary reasoning, the premise of reasoning is general, the conclusion deduced is individual, and the individual is generalized in general.

Induction, on the other hand, is the opposite of deduction, which is the derivation of general laws from a large number of facts. Induction is a method of probabilistic reasoning, which cannot be completely inducted, and there are always many objects that are not included, so the conclusions are not necessarily reliable.

Speaking of which, you should have discovered that both induction and deduction have limitations. The deductive method requires you to first grasp the general laws. And in generalization, you have to look at a lot of facts.

Is there a way, then, to be free from the constraints of general laws or the number of facts? Yes, this method is analogy. That is, to give something unknown, build a known model, and then study based on this model.

Albert Einstein once said that in physics, if you find something consistent between two unrelated things. Then you can make very important discoveries by analogy. A lot of knowledge starts with a bold hypothesis and model, then develops little by little, revises step by step, and finally gets closer and closer to the truth.

Ways to know the world.

Natural science: At the beginning of human understanding of nature, human beings did not think of any scientific methods, nor did they think of systematic theories, but discovered simple phenomena, and through summarizing and recording, perhaps people at that time or later people found the laws through summary and induction. Of course, there is no exhaustion of all the laws, and it is impossible to record everything, because there are infinite facts.

Therefore, people have prescribed some basic facts, through which we can verify whether the laws we have discovered are justified or not, and of course it cannot be said whether they are scientific or not.

However, what are these basic facts, which need to be paid attention to. For example, counting has led to many attempts to evolve from a line to 1, 2, 3, 49. This is a huge breakthrough, of course, this counting method is not the best, and we have not yet tried to give its superiority to other counting methods, such as using octal system.

base, etc. Ever since there was counting, people have been studying science. From the beginning of simple number operations, to the expansion of numbers.

Because in the practical problem we encounter a law method that our existing rules cannot satisfy. We introduced two-digit, three-digit and so on. Decimals were introduced, fractions were introduced, and then people's minds were liberated, and they studied, they studied the radicals.

Real numbers were studied, imaginary numbers were studied.

Complex numbers were studied. The process by which people discovered these numbers is not just a coincidence, but should be more appropriately a process of development. Today, people's understanding of numbers has not reached the end, and I believe that there is no end to the study of numbers, because people will not realize all the laws that they don't know.

So is our current science perfect? Isn't it the most reasonable?

I think we should start from the source of our theory to study the reliability, or merits of our theory. Before researching, we must affirm the fact that the best thing should be the most comprehensive and simple. This affirms two things:

1. The theory of practical application must be simple and reliable. Second, the theory of academic guidance must be comprehensive and clear.

Hope, thank you!

Agree with the author's view that there are two basic ways for humans to understand the world.

One is the method of formal logic (i.e., the metaphysical method) and the other is the dialectical method. Both of these methods are scientific methods and are basic methods that everyone uses on a daily basis.

It is a pity that all philosophical textbooks from Hegel and Marx to the present have not accurately expressed the essence and characteristics of dialectics. So much so that people have the misconception that dialectics is an alien to metaphysical methods, an alien that violates science, and disdains it and even ridicules it.

In fact, the dialectical method is the most simple and easy method that has been realized since childhood.

The abstraction of definite concepts from the objective world requires the use of a dialectical approach.

The application of the concept of certainty to the objective world must also be done using a dialectical approach.

The dialectical approach is a bridge, a link, and a converter between definite concepts and the living, objective world.

Only the method of formal logic must be used for operation, reasoning, deduction, induction, and synthesis between certain concepts.

The dialectical method and the method of formal logic are mutually opposed and interdependent, and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.

The dialectical method itself can only be expressed by the method of formal logic.

Dialectics holds that any concept is determined under certain conditions or frames of reference. Therefore, the dialectical method can also be called conditional theory or frame of reference theory in essence.

In everyday life, conditions and frames of reference are already contained in specific contexts, and can be omitted for the sake of conciseness, without causing misunderstandings.

Sometimes the so-called dialectical expression is actually the expression of two or more definite forms of expression (i.e., metaphysical forms) in an omitted form.

However, in complex situations, for complex things, when conducting scientific research, or when writing important documents, in order not to cause ambiguity, it is necessary to declare in advance the conditions and frame of reference of some important concepts. This has become a basic requirement for important documents in the international community.

If you don't suffer from others, you don't know yourself, but you don't know others.

When we were young, we were often sad that this person didn't understand me, that person didn't understand me. It's as if the whole world doesn't understand me. The whole world is drunk, but I am the only one who is awake. What a sad spring.

Looking at it now, this is really a deviation in my perception of the world.

Why? Three tools for human cognition of the world - weights and measures.

When Qin Shi Huang unified China, the first thing to unify was weights and measures.

Degree: Refers to a ruler that measures the length.

Quantity: Mainly used to weigh something. Such as the volume of millet, rice, water, etc.

Balance: It is the balance of trade-offs, that is, scales.

When I was young, the way people saw the world was a ruler angle. We look at certain people, which are good people, which are bad people, and we look at certain things. This thing was done right, that thing was done wrong.

We also feel that it is reasonable to do this and wrong to do that. That is to say, we carry a ruler in our hearts, and we use it to measure all the people and things we encounter. If you don't meet my standards, I'm just angry.

Quantity arises because there are some things that cannot be measured with a ruler. People have created a fixed standard for measuring volume - bucket or liter.

The ruler or the measuring cup or bucket in our minds is our initially formed worldview and values, and we are often accustomed to understanding the world in this way: this is a good person, that is a bad person, this is an important person, that is an unimportant person......When you have more contact, you will find that many things in this world cannot be measured by a fixed single standard.

Scale: The most difficult thing in the world to measure is weight, weight is the most irregular, its spectrum is very wide, a few tons, a few catties, a few taels, a few dollars ......But the advantage of the scale is that no matter what the volume or shape, as long as it is within the conventional range, it can measure the weight - the scale is the least picky measurement tool.

The biggest advantage of a scale is that it can be varied. Within the limits of its measurements, it can be fine-tuned.

If we find that we no longer look at people and things by a single, fixed measure, then we have grown up.

This also shows that our cognition has been upgraded. From not knowing oneself to oneself, entering to the world, not knowing others.

Human understanding of the world is a long process. The world can be known, and understanding is a process of dialectical development, which is a process of practice to understanding and then to practice. This embodies the dialectical materialist epistemology, which is an important part of dialectical materialism, and is a scientific epistemic theory about human cognition, cognitive ability, epistemic form, epistemic process and epistemic truth.

Practice determines understanding and is the basis of understanding.

Practice is knowing. Cognition is obtained by people in practice with the help of certain tools as a means to make certain changes in objective objects.

Practice is the driving force for the development of understanding. Cognition arises from the needs of practice, and the development of practice provides people with increasingly complete cognitive tools, which extend the organs of human cognition and promote the development of human cognition. In addition, the practice exercises and improves people's cognitive ability.

Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth of understanding. In order to test whether an understanding correctly reflects objective things, it is necessary to connect subjective and objective practices to test. Through practice, people compare the knowledge that guides their practice with the results produced by practice, so as to test whether their understanding correctly reflects objective things.

Practice is the purpose and destination of knowledge. Understanding comes from practice, and eventually it must return to practice (guiding practice). Knowing itself is not an end, but transforming the world is the goal and destination of understanding.

Cognition is counterproductive to practice.

Correct understanding can guide the success of practice, and wrong understanding will lead people's practical activities astray.

Human beings as a collective noun, human understanding of the world and human understanding of the world are two different concepts, human understanding of the world is infinite, is rising, is the wave forward, for example, the recent new crown epidemic, when it first broke out, this epidemic did not talk about martial arts, and caught human beings off guard, but after several years of continuous overcoming difficulties, human beings have a deeper understanding of the nature of this type of virus, human beings can grasp the law, according to the role and form of the law to change, This objective world is like we have developed a vaccine that can effectively resist this epidemic.

Human beings are a small part of this world, but as a higher animal on the earth, the power of human unity is very strong, human beings' understanding of this world is unlimited, each generation has a generation of discoveries, there is a generation of inventions and creations, just like the continuous development of China's aerospace industry, our team's understanding of the universe is also deepening.

In fact, as human beings, we are tireless in exploring the world, and as individuals, we don't need to make the world all transparent, and I have a life to become a valuable, socially responsible, and willing to contribute, perhaps more important.

As Mr. Wang Xiaobo said, when he was 20 years old, he felt that he could do anything, and only later did he slowly realize that it was a process of constant hammering.

Materialist dialectics, as the science of the general laws of nature, society, and the development of thinking, is the fundamental method for people to understand the world's races and transform the world.

The world of inheritance has been passed down by word of mouth, and the stories of the Qin people who have heard from the older generation have been passed down for hundreds or even thousands of years. You know, this is also part of knowing the world, and what you hear is one of the dimensions of this four-dimensional world - time. Along this timeline to the left, countless clouds of the past, countless people and their stories are all in your ears, and many years later, you tell them to others, just as the old man told you.

The world in the eyes:

Eye, as the saying goes, "hearing is false, seeing is believing", everything has to be seen with your own eyes to understand. Therefore, it is best to know the world and take a good look at the world with these eyes.

After all, it is the travel of the eyes and feet that makes the adventurer realize. However, this primitive way of observation is indeed not suitable for modern society, people are subject to the constraints of life and the pressure of survival, and this way of knowing takes time. Isn't it sad that this best way of understanding the world, this innate way, is now threatened with extinction?