What were some of the ancient Roman goods that could be accessed in ancient China? If you can be det

Roman gold coins, glassware.

In the middle of the 3rd century BC, Rome unified the Italian peninsula; At the end of the 3rd century BC, the Western Han Dynasty was founded. After that, the two sides became stronger, and Rome conquered the entire Mediterranean region and became the "world" hegemon; The Han Dynasty also laid a vast territory that surpassed quicksand in the west and bordered the sea in the east, and ruled the "world". These two great countries, which are located in the east and west and reflect each other from afar, are extremely different in terms of race, language, religious belief, social system, cultural traditions, etc., and are two civilizations born and developed from completely different backgrounds.

Due to the lack of direct contact between the two countries, the Han people rarely had the opportunity to witness Roman artifacts. In recent years, archaeological work has also shown that such artefacts are rare. About 20 Eastern Roman gold coins found in China were excavated from the tombs of the Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang dynasties.

The green duck-shaped glassware unearthed from the tomb of Beiyan Feng Sufu in Beipiao, Liaoning, although it should have been produced in Rome, was introduced to China later than the Han Dynasty. Among this kind of cultural relics, the most important example is the long-necked glass bottle unearthed from the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in the eastern suburbs of Luoyang, which is wound with milky white lines in the irregular ground color of dark brown, orange, cyan and dark purple, and because of the weathering layer on the surface, it emerges a flashing golden yellow luster, mottled and gorgeous, very beautiful. This is a typical Roman stirred glassware, blown into shape.

It appears in the Han land, which will be refreshing and surprising. Therefore, there is a record in the "Book of Han and Geographical Chronicles" that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made people enter the sea glass. Pei Songzhi's note in "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, and Dongyi Biography" also said that Daqin produced "ten kinds of displacement, red, white, black, green, yellow, blue, cyan, ethereal, red, and purple", and praised it.

However, this kind of bottle unearthed in Luoyang was originally used by the Romans to hold perfumes. In China, smokers have been used for a long time to burn incense; The original name of perfume was "rose water", which was first seen in the fifth generation. The Han Dynasty may have diverted this precious bottle for other purposes, which also shows the difference between the customs of the two countries.

In addition to the glass bottles unearthed in Luoyang, the blue glass bowls unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Hengzhigang, Guangzhou, are also Roman products. Guangzhou was the gateway to overseas transportation during the Han Dynasty, and the glassware here probably came from the sea. During the Han Dynasty, ships were able to sail to Indochina and even the Indian Ocean, but there is no record of sailing to the Persian Gulf and landing in the Roman province of Mesopotamia.

At that time, the shipbuilding industry of the Han Dynasty was relatively technologically advanced. The stone sculpture of a Roman warship from the 1st century A.D. on display shows warriors with shields and spears, with 12-14 pairs of oars on both sides of the boat, but only one oars on each side of the stern to control the course. This practice was used in Europe for a long time, and it was not until around 1200 AD that the tail rudder appeared in the Netherlands.

The pottery boat unearthed from the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb on Xianlie Road in Guangzhou has been equipped with rudder in the middle of the stern, and its plate blades are wide, the water barrier is powerful, and it is installed in a special rudder tower. Although none of them represented the type of ocean going ships of the two sides, even if they went to sea by large ships, the sea transportation capacity of the Han and Rome could only reach India from the east and west, and further exchanges would have to rely on indirect transshipment.

Silk Country Silk Country, also known as Seres (0 9), was the ancient Greek and Roman name for the northwest region of China and its inhabitants, meaning "silk" or "the place where silk came". It was named because China exported silk to the West very early. The name seres is thought to be derived from the Chinese character silk (traditional Chinese characters:

Silk; Simplified Chinese: silk; Hanyu Pinyin: sī).

And the seres itself is the Latin word for silk, the ** of serica. The earliest Western record of the Silk Kingdom appears to have been written by the Greek historian Ctesias in the 5th century B.C., who said that they were "of astonishing height and longevity", but the authenticity of this is still debated. Strabo (c. 20 AD) The Greek geographer Strabo mentioned the Silk Kingdom in two essays in his Chronicles of the Earth (written in the 1st century AD).

Quoting articles by other writers, he briefly mentioned that the people of Silk Country lived a long life, generally more than 200 years old.

Silk Country, sometimes called Daqin.

That is Hou we have not yet used to establish diplomatic relations or mutual visits, the ancient Roman period is probably the Qin and Han dynasties in China, I don't know if Zhang Qian has arrived**. After that, Rome collapsed.

Among Westerners, Marco Polo was the first to have an in-depth understanding, and most of the Arabs used to be middlemen.

Ancient Rome does not seem to have any contact with China during the period, and there is no such cross-continent contact between them, and ancient Rome does not seem to know about China.

China and the Romans had formal contacts in the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest. In the Western Han Dynasty, the westernmost point of the Silk Road was Rome, and many ancient Roman nobles wore silk clothes.

1. The ancient Romans called China the "Silk Country". Wearing Chinese silk clothes became a social fashion for the ancient Roman aristocracy. Around the 1st century AD, the luxurious urban area of the city of Rome had a market specializing in Chinese silk.

2, "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Western Regions": "A plough in the Great Qin State is in the western part of the Haixi, and the western country of the Yiyun Haixi. There are thousands of miles of places, and there are more than 400 cities. There are dozens of small state servants. Stone as a fortress. Columns of post booths, all chalky. There are pines and cypresses, trees and grasses. ”

Translation: The Great Qin Kingdom is also called the Plough Tartar, because it is located in the west of the sea, so it is also called the Haixi Kingdom. The area of Daqin is several thousand miles long, and there are more than 400 cities.

There are dozens of small states attached to it. The walls are made of stone, and there are post booths in the country, all of which are painted with white clay. There are pines and cypresses, various kinds of trees, and grasses.

3. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of the Western Regions": "In the ninth year of Emperor Huan's reign, King Andun of Great Qin sent envoys from Ninan to offer ivory, rhino horn, and tortoiseshell. The tribute it has paid is not precious, and the doubters are excessive. ”

Translation: In the ninth year of Emperor Huan's reign (166), the Great Qin King Andun (possibly Marcus Aurelius) sent an envoy to offer ivory, rhinoceros horn, and tortoiseshell from outside the southern border, and the envoy was sent for the first time. There are no treasures and foreign objects in the tribute on the above table, and it is suspected that people are exaggerating rumors.

This is an exchange between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Western Regions.

Pliny, a learned scientist in ancient Rome, also said that the Roman aristocracy "threw themselves into the unfathomable depths of the river and sea to catch pearls". The Roman aristocracy kept the jewels for themselves, and they also used them "as far as Seris in exchange for clothing". Seris means China, and the clothing is silk.

The ancient Roman state was founded on the Italian peninsula and developed around the city of Rome. The Italian peninsula was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic period. Around the beginning of the 2000s BC, the ancestors of Indo-European-speaking Italians crossed the Alps from the northeast along the Danube and around the Carpathian Mountains.

The Latins were one of these tribes who settled in the central Latin plains and established their own cities, with Rome being one of them. Around the 10th century BC, the Idalarians entered Italy from Asia Minor. They lived mainly in the basins of the Diper and Yanu rivers and founded a number of cities, creating their own civilization.

Around 500 BC, they were defeated by the Latins, and some of them were expelled from mainland Italy and returned to their original places of residence. The Italian peninsula is also inhabited by the Umbrians, Marsi, Samunai and Wolsey.

There are many beautiful legends about the origins of the city of Rome, among which the story of the she-wolf feeding her twin brothers, Romulo and Lemore, is the most popular. To be precise, the Romans did not leave any reliable account of their ancient history. The Romans were descendants of a mixture of many ethnic groups, perhaps mostly of Latin origin.

The history of ancient Rome can be generally divided into three periods: the imperial era from about the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC, the republican era from about 510 BC to 31 BC, and the imperial era from 31 BC to 476 AD. The Monarchy was a period of transition from a clan society to state power in Rome.

By the time of the republic, Rome's city-state system had developed, and a republican government with two consuls as the supreme ruler and actual power in the hands of the Senate was established. Beginning in 31 BC, Rome established a vast empire that ruled the entire Mediterranean region for 500 years.

The Romans created the culture of ancient Rome on the basis of absorbing the traditional cultures of the surrounding regions, especially the Greek, Idalalian and Oriental cultures.

During the ancient Roman period, Greek dance, ancient Egyptian dance, and the dances of some countries in the East had a certain influence on ancient Roman dance. Ancient Rome's philosophy, aesthetics, sculpture, architecture, dance, and other cultures were almost all transmitted from ancient Greece, and dance activities became more and more important in the public and private life of the ancient Romans.

Introduction One of the most important and intuitive ways to study history is:The study of historical artifacts. As an uninterrupted Chinese civilization, it has left behind many world-class historical relics, and its value is incalculable.

The same is true of the West, the ancient Roman civilization, one of the Western origin cultures, is also splendid, and the ancient Rome, which has been thousands of years ago, is rich in connotation, and like China, it is impossible to fully understand its history by relying on historical records alone. The history and culture of ancient Roman clothing is already a large object of study, not to mention the whole society.

But of course, historical research is characterized by reasoning and connectionsFrom simple small cultural relics, we may also be able to get a glimpse of the broad historical and cultural connotations.

1. The characteristics of ancient Roman costume culture1.There is not much difference between men and women

Ancient Roman periodIt was the heyday of the development of Western civilization, and it was also a period of rapid development of territory, military strength, culture and art, leaving many valuable legacies for world civilization. In particular, the ancient Roman period also inherited most of the literary and artistic achievements of ancient Greece, and was quite accomplished in classical aesthetics.

The sculptures and fine arts of the ancient Roman period had a profound impact on later generations, and the ancient Roman costumes, which were inseparable from these arts, also carried the connotation of ancient Roman culture and formed a unique style of ancient Roman clothing. The most intuitive features and feelings from the historical artifacts left behind by ancient Rome, such as:The consistency of men's and women's clothing can be intuitively felt in sculptures and paintings

Although the citizens of the Roman Empire were only for adult men, it did not mean that the status of Roman women was very low, in fact, in a society where the whole world pursued a patriarchal ideologyWomen in the Roman Empire had relatively high social rights

And the women of the royal family, not to mention, such as Octavian, the founder of the Roman Empire, and his wife Livia's sculptures, many of which are wornSimilar Roman robes.

2.A simple and loose style

One of the most distinctive features of ancient Roman clothing is itMinimalist styleWhether it is a commoner or an aristocrat, from the sculptures, paintings, and descriptions of literary works in the ancient Roman period, we can know that the costumes of the ancient Romans are not complicated, and they are quite different from the traditional costumes of the Chinese nation.

The most typical garment drag in ancient Rome was a simple piece of cloth and a strap tied around the waist, and the garment could be fastened to the body without a single stitch or thread.

Ancient Greece and Rome aboutSculpture by VenusMany, and now there are many successful reproductions of ancient Roman Venus sculptures, from which it can be found that even Venus, which is worshipped as a god, only wears simple robes.

They don't like complicated ornaments, superfluous decorations, that's allA simple robe and body aesthetics combined, can also produce unexpected beauty, which corresponds to the classical civilization of ancient Greece and Rome.

I guess it's silk. I remember that the Qin Dynasty had not yet reached Europe, and the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty had only reached Europe, which should have been Western Europe at that time. Of course, it was not only silk that was brought with them, but also bronze, porcelain, etc., but at that time silk was a luxury item, and the others were not as good as others.

Reference: [Revisiting the Silk Road] courseware.