Why should surnames and surnames be distinguished before Qin? Why didn t Qin do it after that?

In ancient legends, the surname and surname were established at the time of the Fuxi clan. The author of "General History of China" wrote in the book that the earliest surname in Chinese history was born in the Fuxi period, and this earliest surname was Feng. The surname, in fact, represents the bloodline, which is a sign of having the same bloodline.

Surnames first appeared in patterns, and later after the invention of writing, they appeared in words. A clan, in fact, represents a branch of a clan. Their surnames will not differ, but their clans will be differentiated according to their clan branches.

The meaning of the surname in Qin. According to records, surnames had different meanings during the Qin Dynasty. First, the original meaning of the surname refers to the child born to a woman.

According to the records of "Zuo Chuan" and "Book of Rites", at that time, surnames all referred to this meaning. The second type, the surname represents the clan. As long as they have the same surname, it means that they are brothers and sisters and belong to the same clan.

The third type is similar to the first, because the surname represents the child born to the woman, so as long as the child is born to the same woman, they are relatives. This meaning mainly emphasizes the fact that women are the ancestors, that is, matrilineal societies. So even later into a patrilineal society, they still used their surnames.

Fourth, the surname represents the name of a clan. This meaning is only taken as such in some writings. <>

The meaning of the clan in the Qin period. It is not known what the meaning of the word "shi" meant when it was coined. But there were several uses of this character in the Qin period:

The first, which represents a person. Sometimes it will be followed by the official name, such as Shi's, or after the word, such as Bo's, or after the surname, which usually refers to a woman, such as Jiang's, or after the family, such as Yong's and so on. The second is synonymous with the surname, although this usage is still relatively rare at this time.

The third type refers to some ancient tribes in ancient times. Fourth, it refers to family organizations. This usage is relatively common.

Fifth, as a sign of kinship. The sixth type exists as the core of a community. <>

Because the line between surname and surname is blurred. In the Qin Dynasty, the boundary between the surname and the surname was still relatively clear, but in the Spring and Autumn Period, this era can be said to be "the etiquette collapses and the music is bad", so the boundary between the two is becoming more and more blurred, so slowly with the development of the times, the development of history, the surname and the surname finally merged at the end of the Han Dynasty, and there is no longer the difference between the surname and the surname.

Before the Qin Dynasty, women were called surnames, men were called names, mainly distinguishing between men and women, nobles and low, and the needs of marriage, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, etiquette and music collapsed, and the boundaries between the two became blurred.

As early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the harm of consanguineous marriage was discovered, so the distinction between surnames was born, which was to avoid the impact of consanguineous marriage. You can get married with the same surname and different surnames, but you can't marry with different surnames. After arriving in Qin, the population grew, there were more and more branches, and the use rate of surnames gradually decreased, so that they were gradually eliminated.

The surname, which represents the lineage of the clan, is a symbol common to the clans with common blood relations derived from the same female ancestor, and is the earliest clan totem sign; Clan is a branch of a tribe or clan, and it is the clan name of a small clan. The descendants are branched, the surname remains the same, and the distinction is based on the clan. Before Qin, women were called surnames and men were called names.

The surname remains the same from generation to generation. Clans change at any time. When the clan dies, so does the clan.

Surnames and surnames are used to distinguish between men and women, between high and low, and whether they can intermarry. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, etiquette collapsed, and the boundaries between surnames and surnames were blurred, and Qin Shi Huang abolished the clan when he unified the six countries.

The surname Qin does have a little relationship with the Qin State.

First, let's look at the origin of the Qin surname of the Han Chinese people. According to historical records, the surname Qin in China has two main origins: one is a descendant of the first monarch of the Lu State during the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Because Lu Guo is a compatriot of Zhou Tianzi and originally has the surname Ji, modern people call this Qin surname "Ji surname Qin" in order to distinguish it. This Qin surname is the earliest of all existing Qin surnames in China.

There is also a Qin surname that has something to do with Wu Nacha Qin Guohua eggplant. The monarch of the Qin State itself is a branch of the "Ying surname Zhao" family, after the fall of the Qin State, some bereaved families changed to the Qin family in order to commemorate the old country, which belongs to the regular phenomenon of "taking the country as the clan". Because the Zhao family is an important branch of the Ying surname, this Qin surname can also be said to be a descendant of the Ying surname, but to be precise, they are still changed from the Zhao surname, not the eggplant directly changed from the Ying surname to the Qin surname.

The surname Qin did not have a significant impact on Chinese history in later generations, and today there are only about three million people with the surname Qin of all schools combined.

The surname Qin does have a little relationship with the Qin State. Let's first look at the origin of the surname Qin of the Han nationality in China. According to historical records, the surname Qin in China has two main origins:

One is a descendant of the first monarch of the Lu State in the Western Zhou Dynasty, because the food was sealed in the Qin land (in today's Henan Province), so this family Gao Qin took Yi as the clan and called the Qin clan (the surname of today).

The surname Qin has a little to do with Qin Guo's pretending to be a tomato. The surname Qin originated from the descendants of Boyi, and the earliest surname was Ying Zao. King Xiao of Zhou once assigned the descendants of Boyi to the poor area of Longxi Stool, and began the history of the Qin vassal states until Qin Shi Huang ruled the world.

I don't think there should be any disadvantage in relation to it, because many people in other countries will also have people with the surname Qin. This surname has developed to a peak, and there will be more and more people with this surname, and the descendants of Qin Shi Huang are also related to the surname of Gao Lao.

In the pre-Qin period, the so-called "surname" and "clan" were actually two concepts, and these two concepts must not be confused. To put it simply, it is eight words: men are called names, and women are called surnames. Of course, this refers to a noble man or woman.

A noble woman to be married will generally take the name of her country plus her own surname as the title, and after marrying, if she marries the monarch, she will take the name of her husband's country plus her own surname as the title, and if she is married to a doctor, she will take the name of her husband's fief plus her own surname as the title. Aristocratic women with the same surname are ranked in the order of "Bo Yi Shuji", plus their own surname as the title.

Let's take a simple example, Jin Xiangong's wife is called Qi Jiang, how to understand it? The title of Qi Jiang, "Qi" refers to her country, indicating that she is a noble woman of Qi country, and "Jiang" refers to her surname Jiang. Of course, after this woman married Jin Xiangong, she should be called "Jin Jiang", because "Jin" is her husband's national name.

The surname is the concept of our surname in modern times, and you will have your surname whatever your family name is, based on bloodline. As for the clan, it is only a big family, and the common people are likely to have a surname but no name, and they are not qualified to have a clan.

Before the Qin Dynasty, surnames and surnames were two words with different meanings and each with its own meaning. The ancient form of the surname is composed of "person" and "sheng", which means that it is born to a person and is a surname because it is born.

Those with surnames are self-explanatory; The clan shall not be divided among its descendants. "Tongzhi Clan Strategy" said: Three generations ago (Xia, Shang and Zhou), the surname was divided into two, the man was called the name, and the pregnant person (woman) was called the surname.

So don't be noble and cheap, the noble have a clan, and the cheap have a name without a clan. The surname is not married, so there is a difference between the same surname and different surname.

Those with different surnames can be married; If the surname is different, the marriage is not possible (the same surname is one family in the world, so the same surname is not married). Three generations later, the surnames are one, and they all look forward to the noble and the lowly because of the marriage. Note: "The noble has a clan":

The Son of Heaven Jiande, because he was born to give the surname of the land and the name of the family (the marquis of the torn soil), if the husband keeps the surname and receives the name, in order to keep the ancestry, the world is endless, and there is no country.

When it comes to the surname of the monarch of the Qin State, we first have to popularize the surname culture at that time.

The two-week era in which Qin lived was the source of China's modern surname system, but it was very different from today, and it was basically "the coexistence of surnames". That is, people have both a surname and a given name. However, the surname at that time was not the surname as it is called today, but the remnants of the name of the tribe based on blood relations in ancient times in the Zhou Dynasty, which is similar in nature to today's ethnic names.

The clan is the emblem of the family that is differentiated and derived from each surname. It can be seen that the surname of that era is not the same concept as the surname we often talk about today, and it is generally called "ancient surname" in the historical circles. With the great changes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the social basis for the existence of ancient surnames no longer existed, resulting in the gradual decline of ancient surnames since the Spring and Autumn Period, and basically died out in the middle and late Warring States periods, and completely evolved into the name system we are familiar with now in the Han Dynasty.

The modern surname is the name of the Zhou Dynasty.

Let's talk about the surname of the monarch of Qin: The ancient surname of the monarch of Qin is Ying, that is, the descendants of Qin Weiboyi. The clan of the Qin monarch is the Zhao family, and the Qin monarch is not the descendant of the Zhao family's ancestor (the non-son is the nephew of the father but takes refuge in the father and recognizes the father as the ancestor).

The surname Ying was created by Boyi in the era of Shun, and his descendants in the development of the Xia and Shang dynasties, multiplied a lot, established a lot of local regimes, emerged a lot of nobles, and differentiated more than a dozen relatively large clans, among which the surname Ying was created by the father of King Mu of Zhou with Zhao as the clan, and the nephew Feizi who took refuge in him for a living was named the establishment of the Qin State because of his meritorious service in raising horses for the imperial court. Therefore, Sima Qian said in the "Historical Records": "Qin Zhixian is surnamed Ying......However, Qin first created his father to seal Zhao Cheng as the Zhao family.

A background that needs to be explained is: Feizi is not the real descendant of the father himself, but only the nephew of the father, and his family does not have his own surname, this is because his ancestor is the political opposite of the Zhou Dynasty, and was directly killed by King Wu of Zhou, so in the middle and early Zhou Dynasty, the social status of the Feizi family was very low and belonged to the slave class, so there was no clan. In order to be able to settle down, the fathers and ancestors of the non-sons had to take refuge in the family of the evil brother Ji Sheng (the great-ancestor of the father), and relied on the protection of this close relative and fellow ancestor who was already a prominent member of the Zhou Dynasty to survive and reproduce.

Therefore, when the paternal family butterfly became the Zhao family, the non-son family also became a member of the Zhao family. Sima Qian has a detailed account of this in the "Historical Records": "Those who come to reform the evil will also die of fleas."

There is a son called a female defense. Female defense gave birth to Pang Gao, Pang Gao gave birth to too many, too many gave birth to Da Luo, and Da Luo gave birth to non-children. With the favor of the father, they are all Zhao Cheng, surnamed Zhao.

And after Feizi established the Qin State and became the monarch, because he didn't need to use the clan, he didn't re-order his own lineage, but some of his own descendants took a new clan, such as Gu, Luo, and so on. And the monarch of the Qin State himself is actually still the Zhao family, but it is not very used. It was not until the Warring States Period that the status and role of the clan became more and more important, and there were many Qin princes who used the Zhao clan in front of their names, such as Zhao Liang, Zhao Yi, Zhao Gao, Zhao Ying, Zhao Hai, Zhao Tuo, etc., and Qin Shi Huang himself was named "Zhao Zheng".

Win surname, Zhao.

In the pre-Qin period, "men were called names, and women were called surnames". Therefore, when historians such as Sima Qian and Ban Gu wrote official histories, they strictly followed the aristocratic surname system of the pre-Qin era (including the Qin Dynasty), and only called Qin Shi Huang Zhao Zheng, but did not say Yingzheng.

Win It is also said that Zhao's surname should be Win.

From the surname Ying, with the name of the country, the descendants of Emperor Zhuan, the son of the great cause, assisted Dayu to control the water, Emperor Shun gave the surname Ying, Qin became the head of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States and further unified the country, after the destruction of Qin, the descendants of the royal family took the name of the country as the surname, called Qin. From the surname Ji, the descendants of King Wen, with Yi as the clan, the descendants of Bo Yu, the son of Zhou Gongdan, eat in Qinyi, and then have Yi as the surname, called Qin, and the history is called Qin surname Zhengzong. In ancient times, the Great Qin people came to China, with "Qin" as the clan, the Great Qin is the Roman Empire, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty when the Great Qin has sent envoys to China to pass well, there are people who stay and do not return, with the surname "Qin" passed down.

In the pre-Qin period, the Qin clan was distributed in present-day Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Hubei, Hebei and other provinces, and from the Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Qin clan was distributed in present-day Gansu and Si.