Which of the most serious mass extinctions in the late Permian were extinct?

Which of the most serious mass extinctions in the late Permian were extinct?

The extinction brought about the collapse of life on Earth, and only a few reptile and mammal pioneers survived. So the history of the earth went from the Paleozoic era to the Mesozoic era.

Siberia has seen an unprecedented sustained volcanic eruption, with erupted lava covering nearly 1.6 million square kilometers of land, a large amount of toxic gases, dust and acidic particles covering the entire sky, and temperatures plummeting. The collapse of the food chain is due to the inability of organisms in the translucent zones of land and sea to photosynthesize.

90% of the planet's species have become extinct, including 96% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates, and the trilobites that once occupied the oceans in the Cambrian period have completely disappeared from the earth. This extinction event also ended the history of the Paleozoic Era and ushered in the Mesozoic Era. After this reshuffle, reptiles quickly took up favorable niches, laying the foundation for the later domination of the earth by dinosaurs.

No extinction event is an instantaneous event, but a step-by-step process. Extinction events are not caused by a single cause, but more because of the deterioration of the ecological environment, many organisms are unable to adapt to the new environment, resulting in the collapse of the food chain. Such a chain of events makes it impossible for many creatures to escape.

For example, the fifth mass extinction event that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, the most critical reason for the extinction of the dinosaurs was not killed by an asteroid, but caused by an asteroid impact, which covered the sky with ashes and burned poison gas and forests.

There are many hypotheses about the cause of mass extinctions, such as large-scale volcanic activity, massive release of toxic gases such as carbon dioxide and methane from the seafloor, and hypoxic events, but the exact cause has not yet been determined.

The Permian mass extinction event was experienced twice, one in the Late Permian mass extinction event and the other in the relatively small Middle Permian mass extinction event. Coincidentally, these two extinctions were time-coupled with volcanic activity in Siberia and Emeishan provinces.

How terrible was the Permian mass extinction?

This extinction resulted in the extinction of 90% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial life. Horseshoe crabs, trilobites, sea scorpions, lidonts, muskopods, diplodonts, anterior odonts, zygodontes, and coral colonies have all disappeared.

Only a few representatives of the trilobites of arthropods remained, and there were new developments in gastropods and bivalves. At the end of the Permian, four-shot corals, transverse corals, trilobites, and trilobites were all extinct; The number of brachiopods has been greatly reduced, and only a few remain.

Trilobites, four-shot corals, transverse corals, foraminifera, and sea lilies, which flourished in the early Paleozoic era, were all wiped out, and brachiopods, ammonites, echinoderms, and bryozoans were also severely affected.