What a hypothetical argument is, if it is, what argument it belongs to

What is a hypothetical argument?

A hypothetical argument is a method of analyzing an enumerated argument using hypothetical reasoning. In this way, first of all, if you use an argument that you are not familiar with, you must cite it in concise language, and if it is a well-known example, you do not need to cite it, and then you put forward the hypothesis that the conditions for formation do not exist, and deduce a result that is completely contrary to the facts, and the inevitability of the conditions for formation is strongly demonstrated in the comparison of different conditions and results. Its iconic words:

If ......Then ......"Suppose ......How can it be ......”

For example, when an author argues that "self-improvement is a catalyst for the cause and a kind of perseverance in research", he first cited Zhang Haidi.

Maupassant, Paganini.

After experiencing ups and downs, because of his ability to improve himself, he finally became famous in one fell swoop, and analyzed:

If they had not been self-reliant as a spiritual pillar, Zhang Haidi would have been nothing more than an inactive inferiority, Maupassant would not have become a famous writer, and Paganini would have been a political prisoner who had spent twenty years in prison.

When a certain author argues that "the result of tolerance is to make a person go wider and wider on the road of life", he cites Xiang Yu.

Due to the lack of tolerance, Chen Ping, who has often made strange plans, and Han Xin, who is good at using soldiers.

The closest "Asian father" Fan Zeng.

After being forced to leave him, and finally ended up with the end of embattled and Wujiang killing himself, he discussed:

If Xiang Yu had been more tolerant at the beginning, how could he have made enemies on all sides, got into trouble and hated for eternity?

The general approach to what-if analysis is:

Positive cases are inferred from negative assumptions, and negative cases are inferred from positive assumptions.

Correlation words for hypothetical reasoning.

Generally use "if......Then ......There are also "ifs......Just ......"If ......Then ......"What if", "What if", "Just think......And so on.

A hypothetical argument is a special means of argumentation or rebuttal. The debater presents two arguments at the same time, one primary and one secondary.

Conditional arguments. From strictLogicIn other words, A and B must have a strong connection to cover the hail, and at the same time, it also implies the meaning of "if it is not B, then it is not A".

A conditional argument is an argument with an "if then" structure. For example, "If you work hard, then there will be a salary increase", "If Sunday.

The weather was nice and we went camping". In this type of argument, a condition is set first, and once this condition is met, there will be a definite conclusion. This is a valid argument, and if the premise is true, then the conclusion must be true, and the real future leads to the real conclusion.

However, the conditional arguments in our daily lives are not as rigorous as they are logically. "If the weather is nice on Sunday, we'll go camping" is not necessarily related to the premise and conclusion. Maybe the weather was fine on Sunday and for some other unforeseen reason I didn't go camping.

If Xiao Ming is running, then Xiao Ming must be moving", there is an inevitable connection between the premise and the conclusion here. Since Xiao Ming is running, he must be moving, it is impossible to be both running and not moving, if a person is not moving, then it is impossible to be running.

The premise of the conditional argument is a necessary relationship with the conclusion, and the conclusion is established when the premise is reached. In real life, there are very few conditional arguments in the strict sense, the preconditions are realized, the conclusion is not necessarily realized, and the conclusion is only one of many possibilities. So, in reality, our goal is to build the argument as rigorously as possible, so that the probability of a conclusion is the most likely.

The more closely the premise and the conclusion are linked, the more likely it is that the conclusion will be true. Therefore, it is necessary to learn as much as possible about the premise and the theory of the sail of the knot, and the connection between them.

a.Sufficient condition.

b.Negative strip smiling hidden pieces.

c.Prerequisite.

d.Sufficient condition.

Answer: cPrerequisite.

The hypothetical argument method is to advance the hypothesis from the opposite side in response to the above examples, and then deduce the authenticity and reliability of the argument, so as to effectively demonstrate the central argument.

Example: Haier Group has always adhered to technology as a means and support for development. In the process of more than ten years of development, from the introduction of technology to the integration of domestic and foreign resources, independent innovation, insistence"Technological innovation issues arise from market problems"with"Design creates high quality and high added value"Through technological innovation, the Group has achieved long-term success in the Chinese market and the international market, with an average annual growth rate of 78% in turnover, and continues to maintain a leading position in home appliances and other related fields.

It can be seen that Haier's success lies in innovation. If Haier Group had been conservative and did not carry out technological innovation and update R&D theories, Haier might have been eliminated by the market long ago"Haier"The brand will not be well-known at home and abroad. It is precisely because of the continuous innovation of Haier Group that it has started"Haier"this brand.

Therefore, innovation is an inexhaustible driving force for Haier's development and an inexhaustible source for promoting social development.

This type of analysis is commonly used"Hypothesis? What will happen? "This leads to a statement of the situation contrary to the example given.

Argumentation is the method and process of using arguments to prove an argument.

Argument, a Chinese word, is also a philosophical word. Prove the truth of the thesis with arguments, and make the Copernican hypothesis popular, and prove it according to personal knowledge or understanding. Fellows of the Church have long argued for the harmfulness of bad habits.

Judge the condition. card, through the "disease". Gao Qi's "Preface to the Physician of the King":

It's hard to choose a doctor! The right and wrong of its arguments, whether it should be baited or not, is not a trick of the trick. ”

The process and method of citing arguments to prove an argument. Xia Yazun Ye Shengtao's "Wenxin" 27: "In the early days of the West, the organization of the four paragraphs of 'preface, argument, argument, and conclusion' prevailed, which refers to the first chapter of the discussion.

Discourse and proof. Wang Chaowen "Creation, Appreciation and Understanding": "This letter to Comrade Chen Zhiyi demonstrates the law of artistic creation.

Arguments: Arguments, arguments, arguments, arguments

1. The distinction between arguments and arguments refers to different things. Argumentation: It is the basis for proving the facts and reasons of the origin of the argument in the proposal; Argument: It means to prove one's point after expounding one's one's point.

2. Different functions. Argument: It is a true description and generalization of objective things, with a direct and realistic character, so it is the most convincing proof of argumentation; Argument:

It is a method of argumentation from material to point of view, from individual to general, and is a form of reasoning that draws a common conclusion from the analytical study of many individual things.

Argument, a Chinese word, is also a philosophical word.

1) Prove the truth of the thesis with arguments.

Demonstrate and popularize Copernicus's hypothesis.

2) Proof based on the individual's knowledge or understanding.

Fellows of the Church have long argued for the harmfulness of bad habits.

Judge the condition. card, through the "disease". [Ming] Gao Qi's "Preface to the Physician of the King": "It is difficult to choose a doctor!" The right and wrong of its arguments, whether it should be baited or not, is not a trick of the trick. ”

The process and method of citing arguments to prove an argument. Xia Yazun Ye Shengtao's "Wenxin" 27: "In the very early days of the West, the organization of the four paragraphs of 'making a preface, argument, argument, and conclusion' prevailed, which refers to the first chapter of the discussion. ”<

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Discourse and proof. Wang Chaowen "Creation, Appreciation and Understanding": "This letter to Comrade ** Chun Ze demonstrates the law of artistic creation. Ke Ling's "Xiangxuehai Huai Fu Lei": "Lu Xun used Lu Jisheng as a metaphor to demonstrate the needs of translation work. ”

The basis for the argument. Wang Xiyan's "Country Friend": "He put forward many theoretical arguments, showing that if this starting point is ignored, then everything else will become a utopian fantasy of sacrificing the original and seeking the fish." ” 1]

Illustrative argument is a method of argumentation, a method of argumentation from material to point of view, from individual to general, and a form of reasoning that induces a common conclusion from the analysis and study of many individual things. In this way, it is generally a matter of first dividing the argument and then concluding it, that is, putting forward the thesis straight to the point, then using materials to prove the argument layer by layer around the topic, and finally summarizing the conclusion. This method of structure is more in line with the laws of people's thinking and understanding.