The working principle of a hydro turbine, the working principle of a hydro turbine generator

Water turbine. It is the conversion of the energy of the water flow into the energy of the rotating machinery.

It belongs to the turbomachinery in fluid machinery.

According to the working principle, hydraulic turbines can be divided into two categories: impact turbines and impact turbines. The runner of the impact turbine is rotated by the impact of the water flow, and the pressure of the water flow remains unchanged during the working process, which is mainly the conversion of kinetic energy; The runners of the impact turbine are subjected to the reaction force of the current in the water.

The pressure energy and kinetic energy of the water flow change during the working process, but the main thing is the conversion of pressure energy.

According to the flow direction of the water flow, the impact turbine can be divided into two types: cutting type (also known as bucket type) and oblique type. The structure of the oblique turbine is basically the same as that of the bucket turbine, except that there is an inclination angle in the direction of the jet and is only used for small units.

In the early days, the water flow of the percussion turbine lost a lot of kinetic energy when it hit the blades, and the efficiency was not high. In 1889, the American engineer Pelton invented the bucket water turbine, which has a streamlined shrinking nozzle, which can efficiently convert the energy of the water flow into the kinetic energy of a high-speed jet.

Theoretical analysis shows that the efficiency is highest when the circumferential velocity at the circle of the bucket node is about half of the jet velocity. When the load of this hydraulic turbine changes, the direction of the water inlet speed of the runner remains unchanged, and this kind of hydraulic turbine is used in high-head power station, the head change is relatively small, and the speed changes little, so the efficiency is less affected by the load change, and the efficiency curve is relatively gentle, and the maximum efficiency is more than 91.

No matter what type of water turbine, the energy of the water flow is used to push the runner to work on the reaction force of the blades, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conversion. The power transmitted by the water flow to the turbine is, where q is the flow rate through the turbine; h is the effective head; for the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. The power obtained by the turbine is m (m is the moment of action of the water flow on the runner, which is the angular velocity).

The basic equation of the turbine is: h s = 1 g(u1v1cosa1-u2v2cosa2) where g is the acceleration due to gravity; v1 and v2 are the absolute velocities of water entering and exiting the runner, respectively. U1 and U2 are the rotation speed of the inlet and outlet of the runner respectively; a1 and a2 are the angles between the absolute velocity and the circumferential velocity of the water flow into and out of the runner, respectively. This basic equation should be followed when designing the flow section of a turbine runner.

The impact turbine uses the pressure energy (potential energy) and kinetic energy of the water flow, and when the water flows through the runner blades, the pressure and flow rate are changed by the action of the blades, and the reaction to the runner blades is formed, and the rotating torque of the runner is formed to make the turbine work. The impact turbine uses the kinetic energy of the water flow to convert all the high-pressure water flow into kinetic energy through the nozzle, and shoots it at high speed to the runner blades to rotate the runner.

1. Impact turbine.

The runner of the impact turbine is rotated by the impact of the water flow, and the pressure of the water flow remains unchanged during the working process, which is mainly the conversion of kinetic energy;

2. Impact turbine.

The runner of the impact turbine rotates in the water by the reaction force of the water flow, and the pressure energy and kinetic energy of the water flow are changed during the working process, but the main thing is the conversion of pressure energy.

Hydraulic turbine is a power machine that converts the energy of water flow into rotating mechanical energy, and it belongs to turbomachinery in fluid machinery. As early as around 100 B.C., the prototype of the water turbine appeared in China, the water wheel, which was used to lift irrigation and drive grain processing equipment. Most modern turbines are installed in hydropower plants to drive generators to generate electricity.

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The working principle of the hydro generator is that the hydro generator is driven by the walkie-talkie of the hydro wheel. Its rotor is short and thick, the time required for the start and grid connection of the unit is short, and the operation and scheduling are flexible, in addition to general power generation, it is especially suitable for peak shaving units and accident standby units. Hydro turbines generate electricity.

Diesel generators are driven by internal combustion machines. It is quick to start and easy to operate, but the cost of power generation is high, and it is mainly used as an emergency standby power supply, or in areas and mobile power stations that are not reached by large power grids. The capacity is mostly in a few kilowatts to a few.

The speed of the hydrogenerator will determine the frequency of the alternating current emitted, and in order to ensure the stability of this frequency, it is necessary to stabilize the speed of the rotor. In order to stabilize the speed, the speed of the prime mover (turbine) can be controlled by closed-loop control, and the frequency signal of the alternating current that is about to be emitted is sampled and fed back to the control system that controls the opening and closing angle of the guide vane of the turbine. Hope mine is helpful to you.

Hello, it works as follows:1The water bucket is a fan-shaped height blade device installed on the rotating shaft of the water turbine, which can flow water into the water turbine and distribute the water flow to various parts of the hub.

2.The rotating shaft of the hydraulic turbine is driven by the water bucket, which is guided and flowed through the water bucket to convert the water pressure and kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The turbine blades on the turbine generate torque through the flow of water and drive the shaft to rotate.

3.The principle of energy conversion bucket turbine is to use the kinetic energy of water to drive the rotation of the rotating shaft, and the movement of the rotating shaft can convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy or other energy. In power stations, bucket turbines typically convert mechanical energy into electrical energy** for the grid, usually by connecting to a rotating shaft in a generator.

In general, a bucket turbine is a device capable of converting the kinetic energy of water into mechanical or electrical energy. Through the rational design and installation of the structure of the turbine, the water energy can be fully utilized and the efficiency of hydropower generation can be improved.

The generator converts the mechanical energy of the original virtual liquid motor (water turbine) into electrical energy, and the wire cutting magnetic field line can generate induced electromotive force, and the wire is connected into a closed staring and matching loop, and the current passes through, and the synchronous generator uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. 2.If the wire is placed in the hollow barrel core groove, and the iron core is fixed, it is called a stator.

Magnetic field lines are generated by magnetic poles, which rotate when the poles are rotated, called rotors. The stator and rotor are the most basic parts of power generation. 3.

In order to obtain three-phase alternating current, three-phase windings A-X, B-Y, C-Z are placed at intervals of 120 degrees along the inner circle of the stator core, and there are excitation windings on the rotor. Through the sliding contact between the brushes and the slip ring, the direct current generated by the excitation system is introduced into the rotor excitation winding, which generates a constant magnetic field. As the rotor is dragged by the prime mover to rotate, the stator windings continuously cut the magnetic field lines, inducing an electromotive force in it.

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Working principle: The steam turbine is an external combustion rotary machine that can convert steam heat energy into mechanical work.

After the steam from the boiler enters the steam turbine, it passes through a series of nozzles and moving vanes in a ring configuration, and converts the thermal energy of the steam into the mechanical energy of the rotation of the steam turbine rotor.

Steam in the steam turbine, energy conversion in different ways, it constitutes a steam turbine with different working principles.

Steam turbine advantages:

Compared with a reciprocating steam engine, the steam flow in a steam turbine is continuous and high-speed, and the flow rate per unit area is large, so it can emit more power.

High-power steam turbines can use higher steam pressures and temperatures, resulting in higher thermal efficiency.

Since the 19th century, the development of steam turbines is to increase the power of a single machine and improve the thermal economy of the device on the basis of continuously improving safety and reliability, durability and ensuring convenient operation.

The working principle of a steam turbine is to use steam to do work to rotate the blades to convert energy.

The steam turbine is a rotating prime mover that uses steam as work, which converts the thermal energy of steam into the mechanical energy of turbine rotor rotation, and this transformation process needs to go through two energy conversions, that is, when steam passes through the turbine nozzle (static blade), the thermal energy of steam is converted into the kinetic energy of steam flowing at high speed, and then when the high-speed air flow passes through the working blade, the kinetic energy of steam is converted into the mechanical energy of turbine rotation.

The use of steam turbines is a clever way:

12MW flue gas power generation steam turbine for dry quenching flue gas waste heat** in the iron and steel industry; The new steam is a make-up gas condensing steam turbine with saturation temperature, and the minimum steam pressure is only a waste heat power generation steam turbine with the steam inlet temperature at the saturation temperature. It is used to drive high-speed fans and compressors in the refining and chemical industry, with a steam inlet temperature of 260 and a rated speed of 12600 rpm. It is used to drive various boiler feed pumps and steam turbine units with an installed capacity of less than 100MW.

The small North Asia steam turbine has the unique advantages that cannot be replaced by other prime movers: it can meet the needs of users for power generation and steam, and the comprehensive utilization efficiency of thermal energy is high, and the power generation cost is low; It can also meet the requirements of sudden power failure of the power grid, and the process does not allow the motorized equipment to stop working. <>