What is Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza What is Human Avian Influenza? What is Highly Pathogenic A

Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an acute infectious disease that spreads among chickens, ducks, geese and other birds. The human infection rate is not high, but once the infection causes the disease, the case fatality rate is high.

How to respond to emergencies Exposure to unusually dead birds should be avoided. When handling dead poultry, wear protective clothing, gloves and masks, and disinfect or wash hands with soap immediately afterwards.

If you have symptoms such as fever, headache, runny nose, chills, shivering, sore throat, cough, or general malaise after contact with poultry, you should go to the hospital immediately.

Poultry workers should be able to:

Vaccinations against avian influenza and thorough disinfection of workplaces.

If chickens, ducks, pigeons and other birds suddenly become ill or die of unknown causes, they should be reported to the animal epidemic prevention department as soon as possible, and the necessary measures such as isolation and disinfection should be taken in a timely manner.

In the event of an avian influenza outbreak, mandatory epidemic prevention measures should be taken.

Special Tips: Poultry food should be thoroughly processed until cooked thoroughly before eating. Because the avian influenza virus is not heat-tolerant, it can be inactivated by heating it to 60 for 10 minutes and 70 for several minutes.

Do not have close contact with birds. Especially children, the elderly, pregnant women, and people with chronic diseases.

Wild birds may be infected with and spread avian influenza, so do not buy or eat wild birds from unknown sources.

Raising wild fowl, pigeons and other poultry must be regularly disinfected in cages and houses.

Eating foods or fruits rich in vitamin C can help strengthen your resistance to disease.

Avian influenza is an abbreviation for avian epidemic. It is an avian (poultry and wildbird) infectious disease caused by the avian epidemic virus type A. After avian influenza virus infection, it can manifest as mild respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and low mortality; or more severe systemic, hemorrhagic and septic symptoms, with a high mortality rate.

This difference in symptoms is mainly determined by the type of avian influenza.

According to the pathogenicity of avian influenza, avian influenza can be divided into highly pathogenic avian influenza, low pathogenic avian influenza and non-pathogenic avian influenza. Avian influenza caused by the H5N1 serotype is called highly pathogenic avian influenza, which has a high morbidity and mortality rate, and is extremely harmful.

According to the pathogenicity and virulence of avian influenza viruses, avian influenza can be divided into highly pathogenic avian influenza, low pathogenic avian influenza and non-pathogenic avian influenza. There are different subtypes of avian influenza viruses, and the disease caused by the H5 and H7 subtypes (represented by H5N1 and H7N7) is called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and the recent avian influenza caused by the H5N1 subtype at home and abroad is highly pathogenic avian influenza, with high morbidity and mortality, and great harm.

Human avian influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by certain strains of avian influenza A virus. In addition to infecting humans, influenza A viruses can also infect pigs, marine mammals and poultry. The main avian influenza virus subtypes infected humans are H5N1, H7N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7 and H9N2, among which patients infected with H5N1 are seriously ill and have a high case fatality rate.

According to the pathogenicity of avian influenza, avian influenza can be divided into highly pathogenic avian influenza, low pathogenic avian influenza and non-pathogenic avian influenza. Avian influenza caused by the H5N1 serotype at home and abroad is called highly pathogenic avian influenza, and the morbidity and mortality are very low, and the harm is huge.

1. What is H7N9 avian influenza?

Avian influenza is an acute infectious disease caused by a subtype of the influenza A virus. It usually infects only birds and, rarely, humans, pigs, horses, mink, and marine mammals. The avian influenza virus subtypes that can infect humans are H5N1, H9N2, H7N7, H7N2, and H7N3, and humans are reported to be infected with H7N9 avian influenza virus.

In avian influenza viruses, H and N represent hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) in the outer membrane of the virus, respectively, and can be divided into 16 H subtypes (H1 H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1 N9) according to their protein antigenicity. The reported human infection with the H7N9 avian influenza virus is a new virus with reassortment of H7N9 and H9N2 genes.

2. High-risk groups of avian influenza:

1. The most high-risk group: those who have close contact with avian influenza and birds

Workers who have been in close contact with poultry infected with avian influenza require special protection. The special protection requirements are to wear ordinary work clothes, a layer of protective clothing (isolation gown), wear protective masks, medical disposable latex gloves, and wear boots or disinfectable protective foot covers. The World Health Organization also recommends that these people get vaccinated against influenza in a timely manner, disinfect thoroughly before and after work, wash hands, etc.

2. Sub-high-risk groups: those who occasionally come into contact with birds

In addition to the above-mentioned people, there are many citizens who like to keep pets such as wild fowl, pigeons, and birds. In the current avian influenza epidemic, contact with pets and poultry should be minimized in the first place for safety reasons. If it cannot be reduced, it is necessary to pay attention to disinfection, and the cage should be disinfected regularly; If your hands come into contact with live birds or are contaminated with bird secretions, they should be thoroughly washed with soap and water, preferably disinfected properly.

If you develop flu-like symptoms within 7 days of exposure, be sure to seek medical attention promptly and tell your health care provider about your exposure history so that it can be handled properly.

3. High-risk groups: those who are in frequent contact with poultry

People who are in close contact with live poultry include those engaged in breeding, sorting, transporting, selling, slaughtering and handling of dead poultry, as well as professionals who carry out terminal disinfection of relevant premises. These personnel should wear protective clothing, wear masks, get vaccinated against influenza in a timely manner, thoroughly disinfect and wash hands before and after work, etc.; Avoid direct contact with sick poultry and their excretions and secretions.

Expert advice: Eat more foods and drugs rich in vitamin C and other foods and drugs that can help improve immunity, and do physical exercise appropriately, which can enhance the body's resistance to the virus.

The onset of avian influenza is so rapid that many poultry die without even seeing any symptoms. Therefore, if you suspect that your chickens or ducks are sick or if you find that your poultry has died suddenly for unknown reasons, you should report it to the animal epidemic prevention department as soon as possible, and they will diagnose it and take necessary disinfection and other measures.

4. General population: those who do not come into contact with birds

The general population is unlikely to be infected with avian influenza. Judging from the spread of avian influenza, it is mainly prevalent among birds, so people should not panic about this disease. Avian influenza can be controlled to a minimum through strict disinfection, isolation, lockdown and effective preventive measures.

3. The difference between high-risk groups and susceptible groups:

The diagnosis and treatment protocol for human infection with H7N9 avian influenza (2nd edition of 2013) clearly states that high-risk groups refer to those who have been in contact with poultry within one week before the onset of the disease, such as those engaged in poultry breeding, trafficking, sales, slaughtering, processing industry, etc.

Susceptible people refer to people who lack specific immunity to infectious disease pathogens and are susceptible to infection. If there are more susceptible people in the population, the population is highly susceptible and prone to the epidemic of infectious diseases.

1. All people are susceptible to the H7N9 avian influenza virus, but individual exposure opportunities, immunity, and genetic susceptibility genes may play an important role in infection and morbidity. At present, human susceptibility to H7N9 avian influenza virus is much lower than that of seasonal influenza (H1N1, H3N2, new H1N1, etc.), but higher than that of H5N1 avian influenza.

2. The high-risk groups of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza are those who have been in contact with poultry or visited live poultry markets within one week before the onset of the disease, especially the elderly, people with chronic underlying diseases (such as hypertension, diabetes) and immunocompromised; Once pregnant women are infected with the H7N9 avian influenza virus, they are prone to aggravate their illness.

4. How do humans get infected with H7N9 avian influenza?

Some of the confirmed cases have been in contact with animals or in an environment where animals are present. On April 4, 2013, the H7N9 influenza virus was detected in pigeons in a market in Shanghai, which has high homology with human infection with H7N9 avian influenza. However, it is not clear how people become infected.

The potential for animal-to-human transmission and human-to-human transmission is being verified.

Answer]: C human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza has an acute onset, and the early manifestations are like influenza. Nianwan is mainly fever, most of the body temperature lasts above 39, guess the high quiet fever course 1 7 days, generally 3 4 days, can be accompanied by ocular conjunctivitis, runny nose, nasal congestion, cough, sore throat, headache and general malaise.

Avian influenza viruses can be divided into three categories: highly pathogenic, low pathogenic, and non-pathogenic. Among them, highly pathogenic avian influenza is a disease caused by the H5 and H7 substrains (represented by H5N1 and H7N7). Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is highly fatal due to its rapid transmission in poultry, high hazard and high case fatality rate.

After humans are infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza, the onset is very acute, and the early manifestations are similar to that of common influenza. The main manifestations are fever, most of the body temperature is above 39, lasting 1 7 days, generally 3 4 days, can be accompanied by runny nose, nasal congestion, cough, sore throat, headache, general malaise, some patients may have nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, watery stools and other digestive symptoms. In addition to the above manifestations, severe human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza can also develop symptoms such as pneumonia, respiratory distress, and even death.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza mainly infects chickens, which are infected by avian influenza viruses, usually avian influenza virus type A, H5, H7, H9 subtypes, with acute onset, short course of illness, high mortality rate and wide spread; Vaccines are usually used for epidemic prevention, and vaccines are often H5 and H9 subtypes and H7 subtypes of vaccines, which are not yet available on the market; If chickens have highly pathogenic avian influenza, according to national regulations, the epidemic point (3km) needs to be immediately culled and harmless; Highly pathogenic avian influenza can infect humans, although the incidence in humans is low;

Low pathogenic avian influenza has a relatively low mortality rate, does not need to be culled, and can usually be controlled by drugs; The mortality rate is low, usually less than 5%;