How are ceramics made and what is the process of making them?

The traditional pottery process is not a simple process of kneading mud. After the selection of clay, it has to be processed, that is, according to the viscosity of the clay, artificially add the material and material, improve the molding performance of the clay, ensure that the clay does not crack and deform when roasting at high temperature, and improve the yield of pottery. The prepared pottery raw materials should also be crushed, which is conducive to the carrying out of various physical and chemical reactions in the heating process of the body, so as to fire and obtain a dense structure, reduce the porosity of the body, and enhance the strength, hardness and specific gravity of the carcass after firing.

Kneading and staling are the last steps in the processing of raw materials. The ancient method of kneading and refining the clay, or stepping on it with artificial feet and rubbing it by hand; or trampled on by cattle and crushed with stones. In order to increase the viscosity and improve the plasticity, the clay that has been kneaded is also stale, and according to the potter, the longer the stale, the better.

The painted pottery of Yangshao culture and the black pottery of Longshan culture have delicate fetal quality and have been aged for a long time. After the selection and preparation of pottery raw materials, this enters the most critical link of the pottery process - molding. Ancient molding methods in China include artificial forming, wheel system, etc.

Hand-forming can be divided into (1) the kneading method, which is generally suitable for small pieces of pottery; (2) The molding method is to put the mud into the mold with shape, and take it out when it is semi-dry and make the process of making pottery blanks, which is a relatively primitive pottery making method, which is suitable for special utensils to adopt the local molding method, such as the conical pottery mold in the Longshan culture as the inner mold of the bag-shaped foot, and now the Gaoshan people in Taiwan still retain this kind of forming method; (3) The mud strip disc construction method is also called the mud strip circle injection method, the mud strip plate construction method or the mud strip mud method, etc., which is a primitive pottery forming method, first stretching the mud into a strip, according to the size of the clay strip, the clay strip is circled, stacked layer by layer, and then patted with a paddle to make it shape. The utensils made in this way often leave traces of mud strips on the inside, giving people a sense of antiquity. This method has been used since the Neolithic period.

Ceramic process 1Soil squeezing out the air from the soil. Bubbles in the soil will cause the artwork to burst when it is fired, undoing all the work done.

2.Forming Various methods such as kneading and drawing blanks are used to create the desired shape. 3.

Clay decoration If you want to decorate your work with clay glaze, makeup clay, flower removal and other decoration procedures, you should do it when the clay is leather. 4.Air-drying The finished work is naturally air-dried on the shelf, depending on the weather and the size of the work, it can be completely dried in about a week.

The soil that has not dried will feel cold, and the completely dry work will no longer be cold. 5.Plain Grilled The work is first cooked at about 900 degrees Celsius.

6.Glazing After firing, you can glaze your work. 7.

Glaze firing The last step of the work is --- glaze firing, which is generally around 1100-1260 degrees.

Do you know how ceramics are made? So it's that simple, let's see it together.

1: Knead the mud. The purpose of mud kneading is to empty the bubbles in the mud and make the mud further compact. Without this process, it is easy to contain bubbles in the green body, and the green body is easy to crack and deform when it is dried and fired.

2: Make a blank. Jingdezhen traditional round ware blank making, that is, according to the final type of the body to make roughly the corresponding body, for later printing blanks.

3: Blank. The rough billet should be dried in the natural shade after a certain period of time (it must be dried naturally under certain humidity and temperature conditions, not in the sun.

The billet formed body must be placed obliquely on the billet plate, not placed upright, and placed upright, it may produce the bottom of the billet crack), you can enter the billet printing process. The purpose of the blank is to make the hand-formed round ware achieve uniformity after firing. After the body of the hand-drawn blank is naturally dried, the semi-dry body is placed on the earthen grinding tool and patted by hand, so that the body is evenly formed around the body.

4.Billet. The billet is to finish the printed billet to make it further smooth and round.

5: Dangli glaze.

For round ware production, if there is no decoration in the vessel, it needs to be glazed first. The glaze on the outside of the ware is the second dipping glaze in the later period. Glaze is a thin layer of glass attached to the surface of the ceramic body, which has similar physical and chemical properties to glass.

The glaze is generally made of quartz, feldspar, clay, etc. The methods of ceramic glazing include: spraying, blowing, dipping, pouring, swinging and other methods.

The inner glaze (the glaze inside the utensil) and the bottom glaze (the glaze of the bottom foot of the utensil) are the traditional glaze method, and the outer glaze is impregnated glaze.

6: Blank. After swinging the inner glaze, you can enter the blank painting process.

The blue and white material used in the painting blank needs to be ground for a long time in advance, and the recipe is inseparable from each studio.

The process of making ceramics:

1.Mud training: Porcelain stone is taken from the mining area, which is manually crushed with an iron hammer to an egg-sized block, and then beaten into powder with water, washed, removed impurities, and precipitated into brick-like mud.

Then mix the mud with water, remove the slag, and rub it with both hands to squeeze out the air in the mud. This porcelain stone processing method has a long history and should be synchronized with the history of porcelain making in Jingdezhen.

2.Blank drawing: Blank drawing is the first process of molding.

Jingdezhen porcelain is famous all over the world, in addition to the local "heaven-given" high-quality clay, it is basically those "ghostly" skills that turn these ordinary "things" into human "pets". First of all, we must be familiar with the shrinkage rate of the mud.

3.Blank: The shape of the impression is rotated according to the shape arc of the blank, and the blank that is dried until it is semi-dry is covered on the mold, and the outer wall of the blank is evenly patted, and then the mold is removed.

4.Billet: Cover the blank on the barrel of the roller car, rotate the car plate, and rotate it with a knife to make the thickness of the blank body appropriate and the surface and the inside smooth, which is a process with high technical requirements.

This process is first to put the yellow mud on the so-called billet car, and then sit on the car, with special tools to make the surface of the utensils smooth, coherent and consistent, and make the mud show a white color, which is an extremely important process in ceramic molding, and finally determine the shape of the utensils.

5.Drying blanks: Place the processed blanks on a wooden frame to dry.

6.Engraving: Carving patterns on dried bodies with knives made of bamboo, bone or iron.

7.Glazing: The glazing process is a kind of ancient ceramic production technology, which is to apply glaze slurry on the surface of the molded ceramic body.

There are mainly seven methods such as dipping glaze, swinging glaze, pouring glaze, brushing glaze, sprinkling glaze, wheel glaze, etc., according to the different shapes and thicknesses of the body, the corresponding glazing method is adopted. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the history of Chinese porcelain painting and decoration.

8.Kiln: First of all, the ceramic products are loaded into the sagger, the role of the box is to prevent the porcelain blank from direct contact with the kiln fire, to avoid pollution, especially for the white porcelain firing is the most beneficial.

The kiln firing time process is about one day and night, and the temperature is about 1300 degrees. First build the kiln door, light the kiln, the fuel is pine firewood, the Tsubaki technical guidance, measure the fire, grasp the kiln temperature changes, and decide the ceasefire time.

9.Painting: glaze color such as five-color, pastel, etc., is to depict patterns and fill in the color on the glaze surface of porcelain that has been fired, and then enter the red furnace to burn and bake at a low temperature of about 700-800 degrees.

Before firing the kiln, the painting on the green vood tire, such as blue and white, glaze red, etc., is called underglaze color, which is characterized by the color under the high temperature glaze and never fades.

The steps to make ceramics are as follows:

1. Mud training. Porcelain stone is taken from the mining area, first manually crushed with an iron hammer to an egg-sized block, and then beaten into powder with water, washed, removed impurities, and precipitated into brick-like mud.

Then mix the mud with water, remove the slag, rub it with both hands, or step on it with your feet, and squeeze out the air in the mud with a smile, and make the moisture in the mud even.

2. Blank drawing. Throw the mud ball in the center of the turntable of the roller car, and pull out the general appearance of the body with the flexion and extension of the hand. Blank drawing is the first process of molding. First of all, we must be familiar with the shrinkage rate of the mud.

3: Blank. The shape of the impression is rotated according to the inner shape arc of the blank, and the blank that is dried until it is semi-dry is covered on the mold, and the outer wall of the blank is evenly patted, and then the mold is removed.

4. Billet. The billet is placed on the sharp barrel of the roller car, the car disc is rotated, and the knife is rotated, and the section is matched to make the thickness of the billet body appropriate, and the surface and the inside are smooth and clean, which is a process with high technical requirements. The billet, also known as the "repair billet" or "rotary billet", is the key link to finally determine the shape of the utensil, and make the surface of the utensil smooth, coherent and consistent.

Internal and external repair is an extremely important molding technology in Jingdezhen porcelain-making process and superior to other kiln systems, and it is a unique technical guarantee for the formation of Jingdezhen ceramic style.

5. Drying blanks. The processed billet is placed on a wooden frame to dry.

6. Engraving. Bamboo, bone, or iron knives are used to carve patterns on the dried body.

7. Glazing. Ordinary round ware is glazed or glazed. Blowing glaze for cutters or large round ware. Most ceramic products need to be glazed before they can be fired in the kiln. The glazing process may seem simple, but it is an extremely important and difficult process to master.

It is not easy to achieve the uniform glaze layer of each part of the green body, the appropriate thickness and the different fluidity of various glazes.

8. Firing kiln. First of all, the ceramic products are loaded into the comic finger sagger, which is a container for ceramic products to be baked, made of refractory materials, and the function is to prevent the porcelain blank from being in direct contact with the kiln fire and avoid pollution, especially for white porcelain firing.

9. Painting. The glaze color such as five-colored, pastel, etc., is to depict the pattern and fill the color on the glazed surface of the porcelain that has been fired, and then enter the red furnace to burn and bake at a low temperature, with a temperature of about 700-800 degrees.