How to review biology in the second semester of high school?

The correct answer is:

b.The apoptotic protein gene associated with mammalian mature erythrocytes must have been transcribed before the nucleus disappeared.

In mammals, mature red blood cells lose their nucleus and other organelles, so they have no active transcriptional process. The process of apoptosis in paramature erythrocytes is not associated with the disappearance of the nucleus, but is carried out through its foci mechanisms, such as phospholipid valgus and phagocytic clearance of erythrocytes. Therefore, it is wrong to say that the apoptotic protein gene is transcribed before the nucleus disappears.

The statement in the other options is correct:

a.Senescent red blood cells become smaller in size and have decreased activity of many enzymes.

c.The cryptogenesis of senescent erythrocytes includes PS and proteins, and phagocytic cell membranes may have receptors that bind to valgus PS.

d.Elevated Ca+ concentrations play an important role in erythrocyte apoptosis.

Erythrocyte apoptosis is a complex process that is closely related to factors such as phospholipid valgus, aging characteristics, and elevated Ca+ concentrations.

The main components that make up cell membranes are lipids and proteins. The ps mentioned in the question is an amino acid For reference: red blood cells do not have a nucleus and mitochondria, but according to the physiological behavior of red blood cells and the results of recent research results:

Red blood cell senescence and death is a programmed death process, and the term eryptosis is used to refer specifically to red blood cell apoptosis. Erythrocyte apoptosis is mainly triggered by the increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, which in turn activates Ca2+ sensitive K+ channels, flip enzymes, calpains and other proteolytic enzymes. Many molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the senescence and apoptosis of red blood cells, and their processes are precisely regulated.

Red blood cells have become a good material for studying aging and apoptosis, and the research results are helpful to further explore the apoptosis process of nucleated cells.

If a role is assigned to the nucleus, then the nucleus should be equivalent to Zhuge Liang, who has already arranged the life of the red blood cells before parting with the red blood cells. By expressing some key lossy proteins, calcium ions are eventually released at the end of life, amplified step by step, and finally apoptosis.

I think that the first step in learning biology is to lay a good foundation and pay attention to the textbook.

How important is it to have a student biobase? How important are the textbooks? In my freshman year of high school, I carefully read the textbook and scored 89 points when I was in a mess of biology (I didn't do any workbooks); In my second year of high school, I passed the biology competition selection competition (50 people in the city and 300 people in the province) with a biology book (without any competition textbooks and practice questions).

Biology textbooks should be read page by page, memorize every knowledge point, this work should be completed in the second year of high school, and supplemented in the third year of high school. The necessary readings are: for the first time, two days before learning the content of the lesson (if you are accustomed to pre-studying); the second time, in the interval after the teacher's lecture (this time try to remember the knowledge points); the third time, two days after class (it is better to recall what you have learned before reading the book); Fourth, the day before each midterm exam and final exam in the second year of high school (this reading requirement is strong and detailed than the first two times, it is recommended to skim a page and memorize the important content before reading the book carefully); the fifth, the winter vacation of the third year of high school; Sixth, one week before the college entrance examination (the last two times are the same as the fourth).