What is the formation mechanism of helium 3?

The soil on the surface of the moon is made up of rock debris, powder, breccia, glass beads, which are loose and fairly soft in structure. The soil in the Moon Sea area is generally 4 5 meters thick, and the soil in the highlands is thicker, but not more than 10 meters. The particle size of lunar soil varies widely, from a few centimeters to a millimeter or micron, and these fine soils are generally called moon dust.

The fine breccia and glass beads in the lunar soil account for about 70, and the small granular basalt and gabbro account for about 13. Inert gases are found in very low concentrations in lunar basalts and highland breccias, and even lower in the atmosphere, almost zero. However, lunar soils and breccia are quite rich in hydrogen.

This is due to the injection of the solar wind, which is actually a steady stream of particles that the sun is constantly ejecting outward. In 1965, the Vina 3 rocket carried out a direct determination of the chemical composition of the solar wind, and the results showed that the solar wind particles were mainly composed of hydrogen ions, followed by helium ions. Due to the impact of foreign objects on the surface of the moon, the lunar soil material is mixed, and this hydrogen element exists in the range of tens of meters.

The depth at which solar ions are implanted into the exposed surface of an object, usually less than 0 2 microns. As a result, these elements are most abundant in the finest particles of lunar soil, and most of the gas-injected particles accumulate and bond into lunar breccia or lili in the interior of glass beads. Helium is mostly concentrated in ilmenite-rich lunar soil smaller than 50 microns.

Helium-3: A colorless, odorless, odorless gas.

Human beings are facing energy depletion, what material can make people have unlimited energy?

When the temperature in the center of the helium star core reaches 100 million centry, helium combustion is ignited.

Helium combustion fuses three helium nuclei into a single carbon nucleus. The resulting carbon nucleus absorbs a helium nucleus to form an oxygen nucleus. Oxygen nuclei can also absorb a helium nucleus to form neon nuclei, although the probability of this reaction occurring is very low.

As for the neon nucleus, the probability of further absorption of helium nuclei is even lower and negligible. Stars burn helium much faster than hydrogen, and for the Sun, the helium burning phase only lasts about 2 billion years.

Helium-3 is a fuel for nuclear fusion power generation. Nuclear fusion reactions with helium-3 have a number of advantages: The reaction produces more energy; In the traditional tritium nuclear reaction process, a large number of high-energy neutrons are produced along with the generation of nuclear fusion energy, and these neutrons can cause extensive radioactive damage to the nuclear reaction device. On the contrary, if helium-3 is used as the reactant, high-energy protons are mainly produced instead of neutrons, which is more beneficial to environmental protection. Tritium itself is radioactive, helium-3 is not only not radioactive, but the reaction process is easy to control.

Therefore, helium-3 is a clean, efficient and safe fuel for nuclear fusion power generation.

Helium-3 is not only fuel for nuclear fusion power generation, but also for rockets and spacecraft, and future manned Martian spacecraft can add this fuel from the moon and then fly to Mars. In addition, for every tonne of helium-3 extracted from lunar soil, 6,300 tonnes of hydrogen, 70 tonnes of nitrogen and 1,600 tonnes of carbon are obtained. Hydrogen can also be used as rocket fuel and, if combined with oxygen, can also be used to make water.

The content of helium-3 in lunar soil is relatively stable. According to the calculation and analysis of the results of the Apollo flight and the lunar probe, the total helium-3 resources in the lunar soil can reach 1 million 5 million tons. And the amount of helium-3 that can be extracted from natural gas on Earth is very small, only about 15 to 20 tons.

To build a 500-megawatt helium-3 fusion power plant, only 50 kilograms of helium-3 will be consumed per year. If the United States were to use helium-3 fusion to generate electricity, it would only need 25 tons of helium-3 per year, while China would only need 8 tons. The world's total annual electricity generation is about 100 tonnes of helium-3.

In other words, the helium-3 in the lunar soil can be the Earth's energy demand for thousands of years. In addition, helium-3 has an energy return of 270, nuclear power generation has an energy return of 20, and coal has an energy return of 16.

In the future, if a nuclear fusion power station is built on the moon, the emitted electrical energy will be transmitted to a relay satellite in geostationary orbit, and then transmitted to a receiving station located on Earth, and then distributed to various regions for use by users. Alternatively, dust from the surface of the moon can be collected, helium-3 can be separated from it, and then brought back to Earth in a liquid state. Scientists calculate that only 2 or 3 cargo spacecraft with a payload of 50 tons need to be launched to the moon every year, and 100 to 150 tons of helium-3 can be used by all mankind as an alternative energy source for one year, and its transportation cost is only a few tenths of the current nuclear power generation.

Helium-3: A colorless, odorless, odorless gas.

Helium-3 is a rare isotope whose core consists of two protons and a neutron. It is also known as superfluid helium because it exhibits unusual physical properties at ultra-low temperatures.

At room temperature, helium-3 is a gaseous substance, but at extremely low temperatures (close to absolute zero), it transforms into a liquid or solid state. In its liquid state, helium-3 exhibits superfluid properties, which means it can flow without any frictional force. The superfluid properties of this substance are very unique and interesting, and they help scientists to study and understand the properties of matter at low temperatures.

Helium-3 is an isotope of helium that we widely use, but due to its extreme rarity, it is rarely utilized for practical applications. However, scientists use helium-3 to study the physical properties of liquids, such as fluidity, pool amplitude, and secondary flow. Therefore, helium-3 has made a very important contribution to the field of physics.

In addition, helium-3 is also used in nuclear energy tests. In nuclear design and atomic energy experiments, helium-3 is used as a moderator neutron to slow down the rate of fission reactions. However, due to ultra-low temperature conditions and the extreme rarity of helium-3, this application is not common.

In short, although helium-3 has no significant application in our daily life, it is still indispensable for research and application in physics, nuclear energy and other fields. Its unique superfluid properties and rare isotopic structures have provided scientists with new directions and ideas for research.

Helium is a rare gas element, which is directly composed of helium atoms. Helium, the element symbol is he, atomic number 2. It is a colorless and odorless inert gas, which is chemically inactive, and it is difficult to react with other substances in a normal state.

At room temperature, helium is an extremely light colorless, odorless, and tasteless monoatomic gas. It is the most difficult of all gases to liquefy and cannot be solidified at standard atmospheric pressure. When the temperature drops after liquefaction, it has special properties such as low surface tension, strong thermal conductivity, and extremely low viscosity.

Liquid helium can be used to achieve low temperatures close to absolute zero.

The chemical properties are stable, and it appears dark yellow when discharged at low voltage. Generally, no compounds are formed, and he2+, HEH plasma and molecules can be formed when excited in low-voltage discharge tubes. It is difficult to react with other substances in normal conditions, and compounds can be formed with certain metals under certain conditions.

When the temperature drops to liquid helium, the properties will change abruptly, the viscosity is very small, it becomes a superfluid, can flow upward along the container wall, the thermal conductivity is 800 times that of copper, and it becomes a thermal conductor with excellent thermal conductivity, and its specific heat capacity, surface tension, and compressibility are abnormal. This abnormal liquid is called liquid helium, and normal liquid helium is called liquid helium.

Helium is a rare gas that is elemental and is directly composed of helium atoms. Helium: is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable gas with a concentration of about parts per million in the air.

Chemically inactive, it does not bind to other elements or compounds in a normal state. Function: low temperature cold source, balloon inflation, balloon inflation, protective gas and other aspects.

Uses of heliumAerospace uses of helium: Ultrapure helium such as 6N helium is used as a pressurized gas for transporting liquid propellants such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in rockets and spacecraft. Helium is used in space operations throughout the aerospace and aircraft manufacturing industry, from manufacturing to flight, and helium is used in space operations to purify hydrogen systems, and ground and flight fluid systems use it as a pressurizing agent.

In addition to this, helium is also used as a lift source for meteorological and other observation balloons.

Transportation and transportation equipment for helium uses: Because helium is the gas with the lowest boiling point and excellent thermal conductivity, it is widely used in the testing of important automotive components such as radiators, heat exchangers, air conditioning components, fuel tanks and torque converters to ensure that they meet quality specifications. In addition, helium can be used in combination with argon and is increasingly used in airbag inflation.

Helium-3 is an isotope of helium that contains two protons and one neutron. It has a number of special properties. When helium-3 and helium-4 are mixed in a certain proportion, the temperature can be reduced to infinitely close to absolute zero by diluting the refrigeration theory.

When the temperature reaches below, helium-3 in its liquid state also exhibits a "superflow" phenomenon, that is, it is not viscous, and it can even "crawl" out of the cup. However, the most highly valued property of helium-3 today is its potential as an energy source. Helium-3 can undergo nuclear fusion reaction with deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, but unlike general nuclear fusion reactions, helium-3 does not produce neutrons during the fusion process, so it is less radioactive, and the reaction process is easy to control, which is environmentally friendly and safe.

However, the total reserves of helium-3 on the earth do not exceed a few hundred kilograms, which is difficult to meet human needs. Scientists have found that although the reserves of helium-3 on Earth are very small, on the Moon, its reserves are very considerable.

Why is this so? It turns out that the sun produces a large amount of helium-3 in the process of internal nuclear fusion, and these helium-3 are blown by the solar wind and fall into the surrounding planets, becoming the main helium-3 planets in the solar system. Because the Earth's surface is covered with a thick atmosphere, the solar wind cannot reach the surface directly, so the natural reserves of helium-3 on the Earth are very low.

It is estimated that the known helium-3 resources in natural gas deposits on Earth can only last a 500 megawatt power plant for several months, while the theoretical total amount of helium-3 in the Earth's atmosphere is only 10,15 tons. However, it is not the same when the solar wind reaches the moon. The Moon has almost no atmosphere, and the solar wind can directly reach the surface of the Moon, and a large amount of helium-3 in it is "deposited" on the surface of the Moon.

Scientists estimate that over hundreds of millions of years, the solar wind has brought about 500 million tons of helium-3 to the moon, enough to last for thousands of years if it were used as an alternative energy source by humans.

Helium-3 is a clean, safe and efficient fuel for nuclear fusion power generation. If deuterium and helium-3 are used for nuclear fusion reaction to generate electricity, the United States only needs to consume 25 tons of helium-3 per year, China's annual electricity consumption in 1992 is only 8 tonnes of helium-3, and the world only needs 100 tonnes of helium-3 a year. Based on the current global electricity price and the cost of space transportation, 1 ton of helium-3 is worth about $4 billion, and with the development of space technology, the cost of space transportation will drop significantly.

Recently, French scientists announced that helium-3 fusion power generation could be commercialized by 2030.

Scientists analyzed the lunar soil brought back by the American Apollo astronauts and the Soviet "Luna" probe, and found that the lunar soil is rich in helium-3, with a total amount of more than 1 million tons. Helium-3 is an isotope of helium. The helium nucleus is generally made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, i.e., helium-4, while helium-3 has 1 less neutron, which makes it a nuclear fusion material.

Moreover, it is relatively safe to generate electricity from the fusion energy of helium-3. On Earth, there is very little natural helium-3, and the total amount is only a few thousand grams. With the isotope tritium of hydrogen metamorphosis into helium-3, it is only 10 20 kg.

We know that the Moon is made up of material that was splashed out when the Earth was impacted. So, where does helium-3 on the moon come from? Research suggests that helium-3 on the Moon comes mainly from the solar wind.

After research, the solar wind contains 4% helium, in which scientists analyzed the lunar soil brought back by the American Apollo lunar astronauts and the Soviet "Luna" probe, and found that the lunar soil is rich in helium-3, with a total amount of more than 1 million tons. Helium-3 is an isotope of helium. The helium nucleus is generally made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, i.e., helium-4, while helium-3 has 1 less neutron, which makes it a nuclear fusion material.

Moreover, it is relatively safe to generate electricity from the fusion energy of helium-3. On Earth, there is very little natural helium-3, and the total amount is only a few thousand grams. With the isotope tritium of hydrogen metamorphosis into helium-3, it is only 10 20 kg.

We know that the Moon is made up of material that was splashed out when the Earth was impacted. So, where does helium-3 on the moon come from? Research suggests that helium-3 on the Moon comes mainly from the solar wind.

According to research, the solar wind contains 4% helium, of which the ratio of helium-3 and helium-4 is 5:10000. Since the Moon has no magnetic field, the solar wind reaches the surface of the Moon.

And because the moon has no atmosphere, it is often hit by meteorites, the soil is loose, and helium 3 is surrounded by soil particles when it arrives, so it stays there. Because helium-3 has a lower energy level, they do not enter deep soils. and helium-4 in a ratio of 5:

10000。Since the Moon has no magnetic field, the solar wind reaches the surface of the Moon. And because the moon has no atmosphere, it is often hit by meteorites, the soil is loose, and helium 3 is surrounded by soil particles when it arrives, so it stays there.

Because helium-3 energy levels are low, they do not enter deep soils. Ever heard of combustible ice?The methane in the combustible ice, which is natural gas, does not have any chemical reaction with the ice, and it is the water molecules that block the methane molecules in the form of a crystal structure, so it can form combustible ice, and the same is true for helium 3, which is fixed by loose soil.

As for the relatively low energy level, it means: when helium 3 is still in the solar wind, it has low energy, so there is less kinetic energy, according to the kinetic energy theorem, its penetrating ability is low, so it cannot enter deep soil. As for the gravitational force, once the helium-3 molecule is fixed in the soil, even if it is taken to a vacuum, there is no leakage problem, unless you heat it.

It's like heating combustible ice.