From a psychological point of view, do animals have consciousness and will?

Definition of spirituality. The usual definition is that the reflection of the objective material world in the human brain, known as spirit. It is also called consciousness in philosophy books.

For example, joy, anger, sorrow, etc. From the traditional definition of spirit (consciousness), it excludes the possibility of the existence of spirit in other living beings. However, it is well known that many other creatures have joys, sorrows, and sorrows, so in order to distinguish them from humans, it is necessary to separately state whether they are the spirit of a dog or the spirit of a cat.

Marx's Philosophy.

It is believed that it means a quality that is unique to human beings. Let's look at the human problem again. What is a human being? According to Marx, man is a higher animal with the ability to subjectively transform the world. Follow Darwin.

The evolution says that man was made up of apes.

Evolved, apes evolved from other animals earlier ......Eventually, it was all caused by algae in the oceans of the early Earth.

Algae, in turn, evolved from organic molecules that formed by chance when lightning in the sky penetrated the air. It should be noted that this evolutionary process from organic molecules to humans is continuous. Since it is continuous, it is not possible for the spirit to appear suddenly on a certain day, at a certain moment.

The spirit should also evolve and strengthen with the evolutionary process, so that it reaches the current level of human spirit. Consciousness is not unique to people. But this seems to contradict the definition of consciousness, so I suspect at first that there is something wrong with the definition of consciousness, which is not unique to the human brain, but a biological reflection of objective existence.

Suppose there is extraterrestrial intelligent life and has a higher intelligence than humans. So what will these extraterrestrial intelligent people think of the intelligence of people on earth? --Treating earthlings as inferior creatures is probably a reasonable answer.

The unique consciousness ability that earthlings are proud of is nothing more than a pediatric in the eyes of intelligent aliens. Just as people today evaluate the wisdom of cats.

What does the above assumption mean?

It shows that consciousness is a characteristic of all living things, but different grades of creatures have different levels of consciousness with different strengths and weaknesses, but in essence, there is no difference.

It is difficult to verify whether animals are conscious or not, because in the final analysis, consciousness cannot be experienced from the outside, but can only be subjectively perceived by itself.

Today, when we study Marx's philosophy, we should not just forcibly inculcate his views, but should think twice about his meaning and then think subjectively.

Hope, thank you!

Both consciousness and will involve the satisfaction of human desires or needs (including animals), therefore, since animals have needs and desires, they naturally have consciousness and will to varying degrees, but their consciousness and will are somewhat or much lower than those of human beings.

Yes animals have a mind, and the word consciousness, within different categories such as philosophy, psychology, medicine, etc., has different meanings. The word "consciousness" seems to have its own specific connotation in different disciplines. Consciousness refers to the sum of features that living beings are able to perceive by their physical perception systems and the associated perceptual processing activities.

In psychology, it is defined as a high-level psychological reflection of objective reality that is unique to human beings. Philosophically defined as a kind of spiritual entity as opposed to matter, especially by Marx's definition. Consciousness is a reflection of matter, the highest form of material existence.

Therefore, from these levels, different levels of animals will have different mental activities, the most classic experiment is that Pavlov rattles the bell to make the dog have some conscious conditioning, this experiment can fully prove that animals are conscious.

The animal's psychological response is completely passive, regurgitation

It is guided by nature, and the active version of human consciousness is to grasp the relationship between nature and man's rights, and it is free and active. For example, animals will hunt for food when they see it, and people will plant and breed it.

This is caused by the structure of the human body, the evolutionary path taken by humans and animals is different, people cannot survive without such consciousness, imagine that most animals can survive on their own as soon as they are born, and human children have to go through a long period of upbringing, without the civilization established by such consciousness, people cannot survive.

The animal's psychological response is finished

It is all a passive reflex, which is driven by nature, and the conscious activity of man is the grasp of the activity relationship between nature and human answer, which is free and active. For example, animals will hunt for food when they see it, and people will plant and breed it.

This is caused by the structure of the human body, the evolutionary path taken by humans and animals is different, people cannot survive without such consciousness, imagine that most animals can survive on their own as soon as they are born, and human children have to go through a long period of upbringing, without the civilization established by such consciousness, people cannot survive.