How many types of calendars are there and what are them?

Historically, there have been many different calendars around the world, but in terms of their basic principles, there are no more than three: the lunar calendar (lunar calendar), the solar calendar (solar calendar), and the lunisolar calendar. Each of the three calendars has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the "Gregorian calendar" currently in use in the world is actually a solar calendar.

The calendar is a method of calculating time according to celestial phenomena to meet the needs of people's daily life. The calendar based on the Moon's orbit around the Earth is called the lunar calendar; The calendar, which is based on the position of the sun in different seasons, is called the solar calendar. There are two kinds of names for the calendar that are common in our country:

Gregorian calendar, lunar calendar (leap years have only 13 months, because the moon has to circle the earth 13 times a year to complete the year).

from the classification criteria.

The lunar calendar corresponds to the solar calendar, plus the lunisolar calendar.

There are only these three calendars. No calendar in the world can break out of the classification of these three calendars. The "Gregorian calendar" (new calendar) that is commonly used in the world is actually a solar calendar, while the traditional Chinese calendar.

The "lunar calendar" (old calendar) belongs to the lunisolar calendar.

The legend of the calendar

According to legend, a long time ago, there was a young man named Wan Nian. Once, when he went up the mountain to collect firewood, he sat down in the shade of a tree to rest because it was hot. Suddenly, the movement of the shadows of the trees on the ground inspired him. After returning home, he spent a few days developing a sundial that measured the time of the day.

However, when the weather is cloudy, rainy or foggy, the measurement accuracy is affected by the absence of sun. Later, the dripping spring on the cliff piqued his interest, so he made a five-layer leaky pot by hand.

As the days went by, he found that every 360 days, the length of the day had to be repeated.

The king at that time was called Zu Yi. The unpredictable weather also made him very depressed. After Wan Nian knew about it, he couldn't help but take the sundial with him.

and the leaky pot went to see the monarch Zu Yi and explained to Zu Yi the truth of the operation of the sun and the moon.

After hearing this, Zu Yi was very happy and thought it was very reasonable. So he left 10,000 years at the same time in the Temple of Heaven.

Before building the Sun Moon Pavilion, building the sundial platform and the leaky pot pavilion. and sent twelve young men to serve for ten thousand years. Zu Yi said to Wan Nian: "I hope you can accurately measure the law of the sun and the moon, calculate the accurate morning and evening time, and develop a calendar for the benefit of the people of the world." "

Winter goes to spring, year after year. After 10,000 years of long-term observation and careful calculation, an accurate solar calendar was finally produced.

When he presented the solar calendar to his successor, he was already covered with a silver beard. The monarch was greatly moved, and for the merits of ten thousand years, he named the solar calendar as the perpetual calendar, and named ten thousand years as the sun and moon birthday star Zhipei.

The first day of the lunar month is called Shuo, and the last day is called Hao. The fifteenth or sixteenth day of the lunar calendar is called Wang, and the day after the hope is called Wang.

The first month of the lunar calendar, according to custom, is called the first month. The November and December months of the lunar calendar are called the winter moon and the wax moon respectively, but the winter moon is rarely used anymore. This is where the idiom "cold winter wax moon" derives from the idiom "cold winter", which literally means October, November and December are the coldest months of the year.

The first ten days of a lunar month are customarily called the first day in order, such as the second day of the first month is called the second day of the first month; The 11th to 20th days and the thirtieth day are directly used days, such as the fifteenth day of the first month (Lantern Festival) is called the fifteenth day of the first month; The twenty-first day to the twenty-ninth day are customarily called the twenty-first day in order, and some Tongsheng also refer to it as the day of recitation, such as the twenty-second day of the first month is called the twenty-second day of the first month or the second day of the first month. Each month of the lunar calendar has a different nickname.

Due to its close connection with agricultural production, it is almost always represented by plants from February to September, and the following is another name for the 12th month of the lunar calendar:

New Year's Month: Duanyue, Yuan Manuscript Return Month, Yuyue, Shichun, Mengchun Hengmu, Shouyang.

February: Apricot Moon, Flower Moon, Ruyue, Mid-Spring, Cyanosis.

March: Peach Moon, Tong Moon, Oriole Time, Yang Spring, Late Spring, Season Spring.

April: Lunar Month, Plum Moon, Yuyue, Qinghe, Huaixu, Mengxia. Key to stop hunger.

May: Durian Moon, Poison Moon, Pu Moon, Midsummer, Tianzhong, Yu Steam.

June: Lotus Moon, Liyue, Lin Zhong, Fu Yue, Summer, Summer.

July: Lanyue, Qiaoyue, Gua Yue, Xiangyue, Mengqiu, Shouqiu.

August: Guiyue, Zhuangyue, Zhongqiu, Nangong, Zhongshang.

September: Juyue, Xuanyue, Jiqiu, Late Autumn, Twilight Shang.

October: Good month, sunny month, Zichun, Mengdong.

November: Winter Moon, Jiayue, Gu Moon, Midwinter.

December: Wax Moon, Tu Moon, Jiaping, Ji Dong, Ice Moon.

A calendar is a method of calculating time in units of time such as year, month, day, etc. The main calendars commonly used in the world now include the Gregorian calendar, the Islamic calendar, the Buddhist calendar, the lunar calendar, the Japanese calendar, the Iranian calendar, the Hindu calendar and the Hebrew calendar. The Gregorian calendar is the current internationally accepted calendar, and its calendar year is a return year, divided into 12 months.

The Islamic calendar is the common calendar of Islamic countries, with July 16, 622 AD as the first day of the Islamic calendar, regardless of the season. Buddhism is the way to calculate the epoch for some Buddhist countries, based on the year of Shakyamuni's death, and 543 BC is the first year of the Buddhist era. The Chinese lunar calendar uses the phases of the moon to determine the months and the solar to determine the annual cycle.

The length of the month varies depending on the phases of the moon, ranging from 30 to 29 days, and 12 months for a year. The Japanese calendar is a calendar used in Japan, and the difference from the Gregorian calendar is that the imperial chronology is still used, and the era name is changed when the new emperor ascends the throne, such as 2007 is the "Heisei 19th year" of Emperor Akihito. The Iranian calendar is the Gregorian calendar currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, with the first day of each year beginning with the vernal equinox and the year 622 AD as the first year of the Iranian calendar.

The Hindu calendar is the official unified calendar of India established by India** in 1957. It is unique in that there are 6 seasons in a year, each season has 2 months, and the year is 78 AD as the first year of the Hindu calendar. The Hebrew calendar, an ancient calendar currently used in Israel, is a lunisolar calendar.

Commemorating the beginning of the first Monday with the legendary God of the Bible beginning the creation of the world, Jews believe it was in 3760 BC. Heavenly Stem and Earthly Branch Heavenly Stem: A4 B5 C6 Ding7 E8 Hex9 Hex0 Xin1 Ren2 De3 Earthly Branch:

Zi 4 Chou 5 Yin 6 Mao 7 Chen 8 Si 9 Wu 10 Wei 11 Shen 0 You 1 戌 2 Hai 3

It can be divided into 3 categories: lunar, gregorian and lunisolar calendars.

Lunar calendar solar calendar and lunisolar calendar.

The so-called calendar, simply put, is the law of measuring long time intervals according to the natural law of celestial changes, judging climate changes, and predicting the coming of seasons. The calendar is a long-term system of time, an arrangement of years, months, days, and hours. China's agricultural production has a long history, because agricultural activities are closely related to the changes of the four seasons, so the calendar was originally created by the needs of agricultural production.

In addition, the new calendar is related to the new regime, and according to the tradition of our country's past dynasties, the change of dynasty must be changed to a new calendar.

Including those that have been promulgated and those that have not yet been promulgated, there are these: there are names that can be examined, according to Wang Yuezhen's "Examination of the Long Techniques of the Past Dynasties", Zhu Wenxin's "General Chronicles of the Calendar", and Mr. Wu Gou's "History of the Evolution of the Chinese Calendar System", there are 115 kinds. 1. Yellow Emperor Calendar 2, Zhuan Calendar 3, Xia Calendar 4, Yin Calendar 5, Zhou Calendar 6, Lu Calendar 7, Calendar Jiazi Calendar 8, Taichu Calendar 9, Santong Calendar 10, Quarter Calendar 11, Qiyao Calendar 12, Ganxiang Calendar 13, Huang Chu Calendar 14, Taihe Calendar 15, Jingchu Calendar 16, Taishi Calendar 17, Liu Zhili 18, Gandu Calendar 19, Tong Calendar 20, Yonghe Calendar 21, Sanji Jiazi Calendar 22, Xuanshi Calendar 23, Yongchu Calendar 24, Sanxuan Yuan Calendar 25, Past Qiyao Calendar 26, Yuan Jia Calendar 27, Jianyuan Calendar 28, Daming Calendar 29, Jingming Calendar 30.

Shengui Calendar 31, Zhengguang Calendar 32, Xinghe Calendar 33, Datong Calendar 34, Jiugong Xing Answer Calendar 35, Qiyao Law Calendar 36, Tianbao Calendar 37, Northern Zhou Calendar 38, Lingxian Calendar 39, Tianhe Calendar 40, Liu Xiaosun Calendar 41, Jiayin Yuan Calendar 42, Meng Bin Calendar 43, Elephant Calendar 44, Kaihuang Calendar 45, Qiyao Xinshu 46, Zhang Xuan Calendar 47, Huangji Calendar 48, Daye Calendar 49, Wuyin Yuan Calendar 50, Fu Tianli Calendar 51, Linde Calendar 52, Longitude and Latitude Calendar 53, Guangzhai Calendar 54, Shenlong Calendar 55, Jiuzhi Calendar 56, Dayan Calendar 57, Chitose Calendar 58, Qiyao Calendar 59, Zhide Calendar 60, Five Ages Calendar 61, Zhengyuan Calendar 62, Observation Calendar 63, Xuanming Calendar 64, Chongyuan Calendar 65, Wanfen Calendar 66, Yongchang Calendar 67, Zhengxiang Calendar 68, Diaoyuan Calendar 69, Zhongzheng Calendar 70.

Qi Zheng Calendar 71, Ming Yuan Calendar 72, Qin Tian Calendar 73, Ying Tian Calendar 74, Qianyuan Calendar 75, Zhidao Calendar 76, Liao Ming Calendar 77, Yi Tian Calendar 78, Ganxing Calendar 79, Chongtian Calendar 80, Tomorrow Calendar 81, Fengyuan Calendar 82, Twelve Qi Calendar 83, Guantian Calendar 84, Zhan Tian Calendar 85, Era Calendar 86, Ming Calendar 87, Ming Calendar 88, Tongyuan Calendar 89, Trunk Road Calendar 90, Chunxi Calendar 91, Zhiwei Calendar 92, Yiwei Calendar 93, Five Star Reunion Calendar 94, Huiyuan Calendar 95, Tongtian Calendar 96, Kaixi calendar 97, Xizheng Wuwu Yuan calendar 98, Chunyou calendar 99, Huitian calendar 100, 101,000 yuan calendar, Chengtian calendar 102, this calendar 103, time calendar 104, Baojian calendar 105, Hijri calendar 106, Datong calendar 107, Shengshou Wannian calendar 108, Huang Zhongli calendar 109, Western Regions calendar 110, new law calendar 111, Xiao'an calendar 112, Shunzhi calendar 113, Shixian calendar 114, Guimao Yuan calendar 115, Tianli calendar. Exempt.

There are three types of calendars.

1. Solar calendar.

The solar calendar, also known as the solar calendar, is a calendar based on the cycle of the earth's revolution around the sun. The calendar year of the solar calendar is approximately equal to the return year, which is 12 months of the year, and this "month" is actually unrelated to the synodic month. The months and days of the solar calendar are in good agreement with the position of the sun on the ecliptic, and according to the dates of the solar calendar, the changes of the four seasons can be clearly seen in the yearBut in each month, the moon's new signs, hopes, and strings are not visible.

The Gregorian calendar that is now used in the world is a kind of solar calendar, with 365 days in a normal year, 366 days in a leap year, a leap every four years, a less leap every 100 years, and a leap again in the 400th year, that is, there are 97 leap years in every 400 years. The average length of the calendar year in the Gregorian calendar is only 26 seconds away from the return year, and it is only one day to accumulate 3,300 years.

2. Lunar calendar.

The lunar calendar, also known as the lunar calendar, is a calendar based on the change of the moon's circle and absence.

The archetypal representative of the existing lunar calendar in the world is the Islamic lunar calendar, where each calendar month is approximately equal to the synodic month, and any day of each month contains a moon phase meaning. The calendar year is 12 months, with 354 days in a common year and 355 days in a leap year, with 11 of every 30 years being leap years and 19 years being ordinary years. A pure lunar calendar can reflect the changes in the phases of the moon more accurately, but it is impossible to judge the seasons based on its month and date, because its calendar year has nothing to do with the return year.

Worldwide, the first people to adopt the lunar calendar were because the cycle of the synodic month was easier to determine than the cycle of the return year. Later, when the return year was known, out of the needs of agricultural production, the solar calendar or lunisolar calendar was mostly used. At present, only Islamic countries still use a pure lunar calendar for religious matters.

3. Lunisolar calendar.

A lunisolar calendar is a calendar that takes into account the cycle of the moon around the earth and the cycle of the earth around the sun. The average length of the lunisolar month is close to the synodic month, and the average length of the calendar year is close to the return year, which is a "lunar month-solar year" calendar. It not only allows each year to conform to the seasons, but also makes the date of each month correspond to the month.

Its disadvantage is that the length of the calendar year is too different, and the calendar is complicated, which is not conducive to memory. China's lunar calendar is a typical lunisolar calendar.

In the course of thousands of years, China's calendar has been continuously improved, enriched and perfected, and has gradually evolved into the current lunar calendar. The lunar calendar is essentially a lunisolar calendar, which is based on the cycle of the moon's movement, while taking into account the cycle of the earth's movement around the sun.

The lunar calendar is the traditional calendar of our country, and there are names such as the lunar calendar, the Chinese calendar, the summer calendar, the Han calendar, the national calendar, etc., but the lunar calendar is not a lunar calendar but a lunisolar calendar. According to the first year of the Chinese ancestor Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor's accession to the throne, this year is the year of the Wuxu dog in the lunar calendar 4715 (Gregorian calendar, China's traditional calendar is 2697 years earlier than the Western calendar, and the Western Yuan year + 2697 is the year of China's traditional calendar.

The Chinese lunar calendar, also known as the summer calendar or ancient calendar, has been used to this day.

The lunar calendar is divided into 12 months every year, with a leap year every four years, and a leap year has 13 months. There are 24 solar terms, each month is divided into large and small months, the small month has 29 days, and the big month has 30 days.

It is divided into the first half of the year, that is, the first day, the second day, the third year, the fourth year, the fifth month, the sixth month, the seventh month, the eighth month, the ninth month, the tenth month, the middle month: eleven, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, and the second half: twenty.

One, twenty-two, twenty-two.

III. XX. Fourth, twenty.

Five, twenty. Sixth, twenty.

Seven, twenty. VIII. XX.

Nine, thirty. There are 24 solar terms every year to distinguish the farming season, which solar terms do what farm work:

The beginning of spring, the spring equinox, the beginning of summer, the summer solstice, the beginning of autumn, the autumn equinox, the beginning of winter, and the winter solstice reflect the changes of the four seasons. Reaction temperature changes of small heat, big heat, heat stroke, small cold and big cold, rain, valley rain, white dew, cold dew, frost fall, light snow and heavy snow reflect changes in weather phenomena, and the phenological phenomena of stunning, Qingming, Xiaoman and miscanthus react.

There are twelve hours in a day: the time of the child, the time of the ugly, the time of the yin, the time of the mao, the time of the hour, the time of the hour, the time of the sun, the time of the noon, the time of the day, the time of the sun, the time of the unitary, the time of the xu, and the time of the hai. One hour, two hours, two hours.

An hour is divided into eight quarters, and a quarter is about 15 minutes.