The evolution of the pen, how the pen has evolved, what is the evolution of the pen

Among the many pen products, the brush can be regarded as a unique category in China. The traditional brush is not only a necessary study tool for the ancients, but also has a unique power in expressing the special charm of Chinese calligraphy and painting. However, because the brush is fragile and difficult to preserve, the ancient brushes that have been handed down to this day are really rare.

The history of the manufacture of brushes is very long, as early as the Warring States period, the use of brushes has been quite developed. Chinese calligraphy and painting are inseparable from the use of brushes. There are many varieties of ancient pens, from the raw materials of the pen, there have been rabbit hair, white wool, green wool, yellow wool, sheep whiskers, horse hair, deer hair, musk hair, badger hair, raccoon hair, mink hair, rat whiskers, rat tail, tiger hair, wolf tail, fox hair, otter hair, orangutan hair, goose feather, duck feather, chicken feather, pheasant feather, pig hair, fetal hair, human whiskers, thatch and so on.

In terms of performance, there are hard, soft, and both. From the texture of the pen barrel, there are water bamboo, chicken bamboo, spotted bamboo, palm bamboo, purple wood, wenge, sandalwood, nanmu, rosewood, fragrant wood, carved lacquer, green lacquer, snail, ivory, rhino horn, horn, horn, tortoiseshell, jade, crystal, glass, gold, silver, porcelain, etc., many are precious materials. From the use of the pen, there are landscape pens, flower pens, leaf tendon pens, character pens, clothing pen, bone pen, color pen and so on.

The earliest brushes date back more than 2,000 years. The source of the brush is generally thought to be the Meng Tian of the Qin Dynasty, but the Zhu book and ink left on the oracle bone fragments unearthed in Kaoyin Ruins were written with a brush. From this, it can be seen that the brush started before Yin Shang, and Meng Tian was really the improver of the brush.

Although there is no real thing with a brush in the Western Zhou Dynasty or above, some signs of pen use can be found from the prehistoric painted pottery patterns and the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. The bamboo and wood slips and silk of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty have been widely used to write. The brush of the Spring and Autumn Period was found in the tomb of Zeng Marquis Yi of the Drum Pier in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, which is the earliest pen found at present.

Subsequently, the Warring States period pen unearthed from Zuojiagong Mountain in Changsha City, Hunan Province, the Qin pen unearthed from Sleeping Tiger Land in Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, Fangmatan in Tianshui City, Gansu Province, and Mawangdui in Changsha, Phoenix Mountain in Jiangling County, Hubei Province, Wuwei City in Gansu Province, Hanging Springs and Maquanwan in Dunhuang City, Han Pen in Gujuyan Area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Western Jin Dynasty Pen in Wuwei are all rare and valuable materials left in ancient times.

2000 BC: Chinese write with brushes made of mouse hair. The ink is made with a mixture of soot, lamp oil, and gel.

1200 B.C.: The Egyptians extracted natural dyes and colors from berries, plants, and minerals to make black water. The "pen" is a thin reed. 600 years later, the Egyptians invented papyrus.

400 AD: Many civilized societies invent more stable ink. It is made with a mixture of iron salt, oak gall, and gum arabic. This basic recipe has been used for centuries.

700 AD: The Romans invented the quill (quill pen), which was used to create a feather on the wings of a large bird. The quill became the dominant writing instrument (in the West) for the next 1000 years.

1548: The Spanish calligrapher Juan de Ísial first mentioned the bronze pen in his calligraphy manuals.

1700: Nicolas Bion (Louis XIV master instrument maker of France) was the first to paint fountain pens. He has 5 pen strokes handed down.

1803: British engineer Brian Donkin is granted the first patent for a steel nib.

1809: Peregren Williamson patents the first pen in the United States, a fountain pen with ink in its barrel. However, his design has many flaws.

1830: British steelworkers William Joseph Gilot, William Mitchell, and James Stephen Perry invented a method for mass production of steel nibs. Due to the improvement in the quality of steel in the following 20 years, fewer and fewer people used quills.

1884: Lewis Edson Waterman, an insurance salesman in New York, invented the first practical fountain pen after losing an important client to a broken pen.

1888: John Lauder of Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA, was granted a patent for the first ballpoint pen, but it was never mass-produced until the patent expired.

The first decade of the 20th century: four fountain pen manufacturers dominate the market: Parker, Caffer, Will and Liveman.

1912: The Sheaffer Pen Company adds a lever absorbent device to the barrel of the fountain pen. Before that, people used droppers to add ink to fountain pens.

1935: Hortmann introduces the ink capsule, which was a small glass tube with a cork.

1938: Hungarian journalist Ladislo Bíró and his brother Georg invented the first practical ballpoint pen. It uses printing inks that dry quickly.

British** later licensed them to make ballpoint pens for British Air Force pilots. Ballpoint pens don't leak oil at high altitudes, whereas fountain pens leak ink.

You can check it! A good title for you is called The Evolution of the Pen

Speaking of pens, he is an indispensable item in our lives, whether in study or work, it is impossible to be missing.

In ancient times, people used a knife to carve words on the bamboo board, and later made a brush with animal hair, wrote on the brocade, and then later, people invented a dipping pen, a fountain pen, until now, there are too many types of pens, there are ballpoint pens, water-based pens, eraser pens ......

With the development of science and technology, computers, software, mobile phones, can replace the pen to write, but, no matter what is stupid and slippery, can not compare with the convenience and speed of the pen, because the pen is convenient and fast, plus the state writing is very smooth, so people like it very much.

However, modern pens also have their disadvantages, such as water-based pens leakage, ballpoint pen beads, fountain pens are easy to drop the nib and so on.

When the ancient people created writing, they began to use sharp stone tools, animal bones and branches to engrave words on stone walls, flat ground, tree bark, and oracle bones, which is probably the prototype of the pen.

The earliest inks were dark water and blood from randomly selected animals. Later, humans discovered metals and used them in production and living tools. The clever ancient Egyptians first made nibs out of copper and then tied them to wooden tubes that could be stored in ink.

This is probably the earliest fountain pen.

Later, people wrote on soft paper with goose feathers, duck feathers and crow pencils, more than the previous pens, but greatly accelerated the writing speed and played a role in the history of the pen.

<>1. In ancient China, a brush was used. Ancient Greece and Rome used to paint wax on the wooden board, and then use an iron rod to draw on the wax surface, and ancient Egypt and Persia used the reed rod sharpened as a pen.

2. Since the Middle Ages, in Europe and the United States, reed pens or quill pens are used, and in 2012, the capped pencil invented by the Chinese has become a new contribution in the process of pen development history in China. With the development of society, there are more and more types of pens, such as pencils, brushes, pens, sticky note pens, highlighters, ballpoint pens, pencils, crayons, etc.

3. Nowadays, gel pens and ballpoint pens are commonly used, and pencils are mostly used to draw art sketches and drawings.

In China, the use of animal hair and bamboo to make pens later evolved into the brushes we have today. With the development of science and technology, there was a fountain pen with copper nib, which evolved into the fountain pen we use today.

The history of the development of the pen can be divided into 3 periods:

1) The original period of writing with a rod: the birth of the pen was to be used to draw symbols on the ground branches, sticks, bones, etc. are just a bare pole, but it is this simplest thing to draw the oldest human writing, the ancient Sumerians used this pen to draw the world-famous deed-glyphs on the clay tablet, the charcoal stick can draw black traces, the ancient Egyptians used it to record their hieroglyphs, and later due to the carrier of the text oracle bones and stone tablets, so there were knives and pens. The knife and pen are also rod-type, and it appeared to deal with hard oracle bones and stones.

Since the ancients discovered that the charcoal stick can be used to write words, this method has been used, and found that graphite can also be scribbled, but whether the charcoal stick or graphite stick is very easy to stain the hand, the intelligent human beings in the charcoal stick and graphite stick outside the coat, mostly softwood, that is, the current pencil, its biggest feature is that the handwriting is easy to change, eraser erase, the handwriting is completely gone.

2) dipping pen period: with the development of text carriers to cloth and bamboo slips, the period of writing with rods slowly ended, the second generation of dipping pens began to appear, which is second to none to the brush, the brush to make the rod of the bamboo, the hair of the animal as the tip, the animal's hair is moderately soft and hard, and the water absorption is strong, but because the brush is too high for holding the pen posture, the speed of the pen, etc., so the dipping pen has another form --- quill, people find that the long feathers of the bird's wing tail are hard, suitable for hand holding, The feather stem is hollow again, just enough to dip in ink, and it is quite convenient to write, so the quill came into being, but it has many shortcomings, such as the amount of water in the quill is not easy to control, and the handwriting is thick and thin, and it is not good to drip ink on the paper.

3) The period of portable pen: Since the mid-80s of the 19th century, on the basis of the quill pen, the fountain pen was invented, and the fountain pen quickly replaced the traditional quill and became the main writing instrument in the 20th century. Fountain pen is also called fountain pen, it is a portable pen made according to the principle of air pressure, the pen bile is an empty small cylinder, squeeze it to make the air discharge, let go of the space volume inside the increase, the pressure becomes smaller, the internal and external greater pressure makes the ink suck into the pen bibladder, the ink that is pressed into the writing is flowed out with the tip of the pen under the action of gravity, so that the writing does not have to keep dipping in ink, greatly saving time, and the writing is smooth, convenient, and later, the ballpoint pen that is more convenient for writing was invented, because it is an oil-based writing material, It avoids the trouble that the fountain pen will leak ink, and the writing time is longer, lighter, more convenient and more economical, so it is deeply loved by modern people.

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