Overview of the commercial development of agricultural handicraft industry in the Han Dynasty

What were the important handicrafts in the Eastern Han Dynasty? The details are as follows:

First, one of the important handicrafts in the Eastern Han Dynasty - iron smelting In fact, most of the technologies in our lives today have been used from ancient times to the present, and it is even no exaggeration to say that our current technologies are constantly derived and improved from the wisdom of ancient people, which is understandable, which also makes us have to admire the wisdom of the ancients. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, most of the handicraft industry was mainly private, and this included iron smelting, it can be said that the emergence of iron made civilization continue to appear, just like the moment human beings learned to make fires is the same significance. Iron smelting played a vital role in ancient times.

Second, the second important handicraft industry in the Eastern Han Dynasty - textileThe second is the textile technology that appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the emergence of textile technology made it possible for people to simply manufacture more detailed fabrics than coarse fabricsCotton and linen, silk linen, brocade cloth, Yue cloth and other fabrics, which not only make the private economy drivenBecause of the textile technology, many gifts between the people and even between countries are to give all kinds of high-quality silk fabrics. Whether it is for people's daily use, or the exchange of gifts plays a great role in promoting.

Third, the third important handicraft industry in the Eastern Han Dynasty - weavingThe last point is weaving technology, weaving can actually be understood as a lot of close relationship with textiles, because the emergence of weaving technology, people can weave a variety of silk products, fabrics, fabrics, and even decorations, etc., which can be said to be the most direct and clear technology and development to promote the performance. In fact, the important handicraft industries in the Eastern Han Dynasty were not only these, but also included boiling salt, making salt, lacquer making, etc. The emergence of these technologies has made the handicraft industry, industry and agriculture have been improved to a certain extent.

Speaking of which, I still have to sigh and not admire the wisdom of the ancients.

I think that in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the important handicraft industries mainly included iron smelting, lacquerware, copper casting, textiles, and so on. The development of handicrafts in the Eastern Han Dynasty has indeed made great progress compared with the Western Han Dynasty, and people have relied on the development of these handicrafts to obtain a lot of benefits, and the people's lives have become richer and richer, and the country's development has become more and more powerful. The iron-smelting industry in the Eastern Han Dynasty was very good, using very advanced technology at that time, and the development of our handicraft technology today has a lot to do with that time.

Weaving, weaving, iron smelting, and at that time, all kinds of silk products, fabrics, and some ornaments were also made through weaving. Moreover, the handicraft industry and industry and agriculture in the Eastern Han Dynasty have also been improved to a certain extent.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were many important handicraft industries, such as boiling salt, iron smelting, copper casting, lacquerware, textiles, etc., and most of the handicraft industries were mainly private.

Boil salt water, cast copper, textile, iron smelting, lacquerware, because the handicraft industry was very developed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the quality of people's lives was very good.

There were ceramics, iron, textiles, salt, copper, lacquerware, shipbuilding, etc., and at that time they also paid great attention to the development of handicrafts.

There are a lot of them. For example, there are textile industry, copper casting industry, iron smelting industry, boiling salt, lacquerware, etc., among which the iron smelting industry has made great progress, and it is a free industry.

Agricultural development and dispersion: In the Song Dynasty, agricultural production technology has been greatly improved, and great progress has been made in planting technology, irrigation technology, fertilizer use, etc., which has greatly increased agricultural production. At the same time, the Song Dynasty also vigorously promoted rice cultivation, which made agricultural production in the south greatly developed.

Handicraft development: The handicraft production technology of the Song Dynasty has also been greatly improved, and the ceramics, textile, papermaking, printing and other industries have been greatly developed. Among them, the ceramic production technology of the Song Dynasty is particularly outstanding, such as blue and white porcelain, Ru kiln, etc., which are world-famous.

Commercial development: The commerce of the Song Dynasty has also been greatly developed, mainly showing the prosperity of the current market and the development of commerce. The market of the Song Dynasty was very prosperous, with a dazzling array of commodities and a very active business, not only in the country, but also in foreign countries.

Agriculture:1 In the primitive stage, it experienced the backward method of "slash-and-burn farming"2 The traditional farming method was the self-employment of small farmers, and there was no revolutionary progress in farming technology for a long time3 Taxation and forced labor suppressed the peasants' enthusiasm for production, which in turn hindered the development of agricultural production4 The land was highly concentrated, the contradictions between the peasants and the landlords intensified, and the uprisings continued5 The water conservancy construction in successive dynasties resisted natural disasters and promoted the continuous development of the economy and the handicraft industry

1 The number of handicraft production sectors is increasing, and the division of labor is becoming more and more detailed.2 The handicraft production technology is constantly improving.

3 The scale of handicraft production is constantly expanding.

4 The coexistence of three business forms, namely the government-run handicraft industry, the private handicraft industry, and the cottage industry.5 The southward shift of the economic center of gravity and the corresponding changes in the layout of handicraft production.6 The production of handicrafts in ancient China has long been ahead of the world, and the products are not only for domestic consumption, but also exported to many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, etc., and are widely popular and praised.

Commerce: 1 Commerce continued to develop after its creation, and it flourished unprecedentedly in the Song and Yuan dynasties.2 The forms of commercial activities were domestic**, border**, and external**3 Cabinets and paper money similar to banks appeared very early.

4 ** Gradual reduction in control of commerce.

5 The government-run and monopoly have existed for a long time.

6 The low socio-political status of merchants.

Spring and Autumn Period: In agriculture, the first is the production and improvement of production tools: the advent of the Iron Age is manifested by the widespread use of iron agricultural tools, marking a significant increase in China's social productivity; The significance of the emergence of cattle ploughing is a revolution in agricultural power in the history of agricultural technology in China.

The second is the construction of water conservancy: orange trees are generally used to irrigate farmland in the Central Plains; During the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu Xiang's grandson uncle Ao Xiu Shaobei; The water conservancy projects in the Warring States period mainly included the Dujiangyan repaired by Li Bing and the Zhengguo Canal repaired by the hydraulic engineer Zheng Guoxiu.

There are a number of developments and achievements in the handicraft industry: in the smelting and casting industry, there is a cast iron softening treatment technology, which is more than 2,000 years earlier than Europe; Bronze casting has the treasure lotus crane square pot in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, gold and silver wrong technology and carving and casting technology; The lacquer process adopts the clamping technology; The achievements of the textile industry include the fragments of linen cloth unearthed from the Chu tomb in Changsha; Other industries include boiling salt and winemaking; There is also a handicraft craft monograph "Examination of the Record".

In terms of commerce, the entire Central Plains market is showing a prosperous scene, and many cities are both bustling commercial centers and political centers of various countries.

1. Classification according to industry.

1. Smelting. Shang Zhou: Bronze. Simu Wuding, Siyang Fangzun, Sanxingdui bronzes; Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: iron smelting; Eastern Han Dynasty: Du Shi hydraulic blast iron smelting tools; Northern and Southern Dynasties: Steel-filled method.

2. Ceramic. Eastern Han Dynasty: celadon; Northern Dynasties: white porcelain; Tang Dynasty: formed two major systems: southern green and northern white; Song Dynasty: Five famous kilns, Jingdezhen became the porcelain capital; Ming and Qing dynasties: blue and white porcelain, colored porcelain, enamel color.

3. Textile. Yuan: Huang Daopo promotes advanced cotton textile technology; Ming: The textile industry has developed on a large scale.

2. Divide according to ownership.

1. Government-run handicraft industry: direct operation, advanced technology, abundant funds; The product is exquisite, does not enter the market, only for royalty and nobility, or **.

2. Private handicraft industry: after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the textile, porcelain, mining and metallurgical industries, the private sector exceeded the government; In the late Ming Dynasty, capitalism sprouted in the textile industry in Suzhou and Hangzhou (basic characteristics: employment relations).

3. Cottage industry: a supplement to agriculture, mainly for household consumption and tax payment, and the remainder**. An important factor in social stability in ancient China.