What are the differences in the hydrological characteristics of the Indus and Ganges rivers 40

The main rivers of the Indus River system are fed by snowmelt. Flows vary greatly at different times of the year, with the lowest flows in winter (December and February), rising water levels in spring and early summer (March and June), and flooding during the rainy season (July and September) with occasional ravaging flash floods. All the water of the Indus and its tributaries is obtained in the upper mountainous areas of its basin.

As a result, they flow most out of the foothills, and there is almost no surface water flowing into the plains, but they lose a lot of water due to evaporation and seepage. On the other hand, leakage can also add some water in the post-rainy season. In the main stream of the Indus, the water level is lowest from mid-December to mid-February.

After that, the river began**, initially slowly, and then more rapidly at the end of March. High water levels usually occur from mid-July to mid-August. After that, the river dropped sharply until early October, when the water level began to recede more gently.

The Indus River flows about 144 billion cubic yards of water annually – just over half of the total volume of the Indus River system. The combined volume of the Jehelum and Chenab rivers is about 1 4; The combined volume of the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers constitutes the rest of the total water volume of the system. The Ganges River basin covers an area of 1.05 million km2 The Ganges River originates in the southern foothills of the western Himalayas, flows southeast, enters the Gangetic Plain and flows from west to east, and finally flows into the Yukala Bay through the Yukala country.

The total length of the main stream is 2527 km (from the source of the river to Yugara Bay), the basin area is 1.05 million km2, the average annual runoff at the estuary is 550 billion m3, and the average annual sediment transport is 19.6 billion tons. The maximum flow of the Ganges at the Hardinge Bridge station was 73,200 m3 s (1 September 1941); According to the measured data from 1965 to 1988, the average annual flow of the station was 10900 m3 s, and the runoff was 344 billion m3. The maximum annual average flow was 14,100 m3 s (1978) and the minimum was 6,620 m3 s (1979).

The Ganges River basin is between northern latitudes'～', East longitude'～90。It is bordered by the Himalayas to the north, the Vindhya Mountains to the south, the Indus River Plain to the west, and the Brahmaputra River basin to the east. The Ganges-Brahmaputra Plain is a deep alluvium with a maximum thickness of more than 1,800 m, but it may not have been formed more than 10,000 years ago.

The Indus River has a large amount of water and a small sediment content, and the seasonal variation of the flow is small.

Indus. The runoff is small, the sediment content is large, it is prone to spring and summer floods, there is no ice period, and the seasonal variation of runoff is small.

Ganges. The runoff is large, the sediment content is small, it is prone to summer floods, there is no ice period, and the runoff varies greatly in season.

The amount of water is small, the sediment content is large, and the water energy resources are not abundant enough.

Bay of Bengal. The Ganges River originates from the southern foothills of the Himalayas, flows through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal in India, enters Bangladesh, is renamed the Padma River, joins the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh, and finally flows into the Bay of Bengal, and its section of the river is called the Meghna River.

Although the amount of water in the river varies from season to season, it increases significantly when it receives more tributaries and enters areas with higher rainfall. In 4 June, snowmelt in the Himalayas drains into the Ganges, and during the rainy season in July and September, the rainy monsoon causes flooding.

In the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, the main right-bank tributaries are the Yamuna River, which flows through Delhi, the capital of India, near Allahabad and joins the Ganges, and the Dons River, which flows north from Vindhya Hills and soon joins the Ganges in the Indian state.

Ganges River system. The two larger sources of the Ganges are the Allegenanda and Pajilti rivers, which rush through the Himalayas and drop from 3150m to 300m. After the two rivers converged near Devobreyag, they were called Ganges.

By the time the Ganges reaches Allahabad, the elevation has dropped to 120m.

The upper section of the river is bounded by Herdwal, and the upper section of the river passes through the West Walik Mountains, with mostly rocky beds, narrow channels, and many rapids; The following sections of the river enter the plain, the river surface widens, sediment accumulates, and there are many swamps and low-lying areas on both sides of the river, and the course is often diverted during the rainy season. In the dry season, the flow rate is 200m seconds; In the rainy season, the flow rate reaches 5680m seconds.

In the middle reaches of Allahabad to West Bengal, the Ganges receives the largest tributary, the Jumuna River, which has increased in volume, widened, curved and flattened. In the dry season, the river is about 1km wide; In the rainy season, the river is 5 6km wide. It then flows majestically to the holy Hindu land of Varanasi, and then gathers many tributaries and rushes downstream.

West Bengal is downstream and flows into Bangladesh when the Ganges River is called the Padma River (meaning lotus), which divides into several tributaries and joins the Brahmaputra River northwest of Dhaka to form the shape of "Ya" and finally flows into the Bay of Bengal. Due to the influence of the climate, during the rainy season, it is flooded; During the dry season, water is in short supply.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - Ganges.

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The source of the Ganges River in India is the peak of Gamet in the northwestern state of Uttaranchar. The peak is located in the southern part of Zada County in China.

Summary. Based on your question, make the following answers:

The Ganges, the Indus, Brahmaputra, etc., the characteristics of the rivers are related to the climate.

There are obvious dry and rainy seasons, the summer is prone to flood disasters, no ice period and flood, the sediment content is small, because it is mostly plain, the drop is small, the water energy is not abundant, and the flow rate is relatively gentle.

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Based on your question, the following answers are made: Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, etc., the characteristics of the rivers are related to the climate. There are obvious dry and rainy seasons, the summer is prone to flood disasters, no ice period and flood, the sediment content is small, because it is mostly plain, the drop is small, the water energy is not abundant, and the flow rate is relatively gentle.

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The amount of water is small, there is no ice period, there is a summer flood, and the sediment content is large.

The Ganges River has a large amount of water as compared to the Indus River.

The Ganges River has abundant runoff, with an average annual runoff of about 550 billion cubic meters in the estuary. Runoff varies greatly from season to season, but increases significantly when it receives more tributaries and enters areas with higher rainfall. In 4 June, snowmelt in the Himalayas drains into the Ganges, and during the rainy season in July and September, the rainy monsoon causes flooding.

The Indus River flows through both continental and desert areas and has a small volume of water. The average annual runoff of the Indus River is 207 billion cubic meters, which is far less than the amount of water in the Ganges. The sediment content is large, with an annual sediment transport of about 5,463 million tons, and an average sediment content of 3 kilograms and cubic meters.

Schematic diagram of the Indus and Ganges.

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1. The place of origin is not the same as the place of inflow

The Indus River (indus), Sanskrit name sindhu (faithfulness). It is the great river of South Asia. It originates from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, flows between the Himalayas and the Karakoram Mountains, flows southwest and runs through the Himalayas, meets the Kabul River on the right bank, and joins the tributaries of the Punjab (Fanpan ja b, meaning five rivers) on the left bank, passing through Pakistan and entering the Arabian Sea.

The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and empties into the Bay of Bengal, with a basin area of 1 4 Indian territory. The Ganges flows through the Ganges Plain, the center of the Hindustan region, where most of the Ganges flows through Indian territory, although its huge Ganges Delta in Bangladesh is mainly located within Bangladesh. The Ganges flows from north, northwest to southeast.

In deltas, the flow of water is generally southward.

2. The characteristics of river hydrology and water system are different

The length of the Indus River is 2,900 km. The total area of the basin is about 1,165,500 square kilometers, of which 453,250 square kilometers are located in the Himalayas and their foothills, and the rest are in the semi-arid plains of Pakistan. The annual flow is about 207 billion cubic meters.

The Ganges River has a total length of 2,700 km and a basin area of 1.06 million km2 (excluding the tributary Jamuna River and above); The average annual flow at the estuary is 10,000 m s; Among them, it is 2071 km long in India, with a basin area of 950,000 km2 and an average annual flow of 10,000 m s.

3. The meaning is different

The Indus River is the main river in Pakistan and an important source of agricultural irrigation water in Pakistan. Before the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Indus River was second only to the Ganges River as the cultural and commercial center of the region.

The Ganges River, a world-famous river, is revered by the Indian people as the "Holy River" and "Mother of India". Numerous myths and religious legends make up the unique customs of the banks of the Ganges. The Ganges River is the holy river of India with a long history and strong folk and cultural colors, and even after thousands of years of civilization, the people on both sides of the Ganges still maintain ancient customs.

The comparison of the Indus River with the Ganges River can be carried out in the following ways:

1. Historical importance.

The Indus River, whose Sanskrit name is sindhu, originates in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is the largest river in South Asia, and before the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Indus River was second only to the Ganges River and was the cultural and commercial center of the region.

The Ganges, which means "from heaven". Originating in the southern foothills of the Himalayas, it is a great river in northern India, with an important position, and is one of the birthplaces of Indian civilization, she is not only the holy river of Hinduism today, but also the place where Buddhism arose in the past, and there are still a large number of Buddhist holy places remaining.

2. The area of the river basin.

The total basin area of the Indus River is 10340000 square kilometers, the main stream is about 2,900 kilometers long, the average annual runoff is 207 billion cubic meters, the annual sediment transport is about 54630000000 tons, and the average sediment content is 3 kilograms and cubic meters.

The Ganges River has a total length of 2,700 km and a basin area of 1,060,000 km2, of which 2,071 km is in India, with a basin area of 950,000 km2 and an average annual flow of 10,000 m seconds.

III. Impact and Significance.

The Ganges River is a world-famous river and is revered by the Indian people as the "Holy River" and "Mother of India". Many myths that have been passed down since ancient times have made the Indian people have infinite nostalgia for the Ganges Mother and have left an indelible complex. Bathe in the Ganges River at least once in this life, so that the holy river can cleanse you of all sins and karma in this lifetime.

The Indus River is second only to the Ganges River and is the cultural and commercial center of the region. Indus water irrigation has been fundamental to agricultural success. The Indus civilization was also one of the world's first major civilizations to enter an agrarian and sedentary society.