Summarize ancient Chinese agriculture, handicrafts, commerce, and policies in dynastic order

Agricultural development and dispersion: In the Song Dynasty, agricultural production technology has been greatly improved, and great progress has been made in planting technology, irrigation technology, fertilizer use, etc., which has greatly increased agricultural production. At the same time, the Song Dynasty also vigorously promoted rice cultivation, which made agricultural production in the south greatly developed.

Handicraft development: The handicraft production technology of the Song Dynasty has also been greatly improved, and the ceramics, textile, papermaking, printing and other industries have been greatly developed. Among them, the ceramic production technology of the Song Dynasty is particularly outstanding, such as blue and white porcelain, Ru kiln, etc., which are world-famous.

Commercial development: The commerce of the Song Dynasty has also been greatly developed, mainly showing the prosperity of the current market and the development of commerce. The market of the Song Dynasty was very prosperous, with a dazzling array of commodities and a very active business, not only in the country, but also in foreign countries.

The advancement of production tools has led to an increase in productivity. Since ancient times, all dynasties have emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce, but the budding of capitalism has made commerce active. Agricultural handicrafts drove commerce, but commerce as a whole was restricted.

Because the main commodities of the exchange of ancient Chinese commerce were Chinese iron tools, bronze and silk, and those were precisely the products of the development of agriculture, so the development of Chinese agriculture and handicraft industry provided the material basis for the development of Chinese commerce, and it was also the driving force for foreign people to urgently interact with China, so to a certain extent, it can be said that agricultural handicraft industry is the premise and foundation of ancient Chinese commerce.

Spring and Autumn Period: In agriculture, the first is the production and improvement of production tools: the advent of the Iron Age is manifested by the widespread use of iron agricultural tools, marking a significant increase in China's social productivity; The significance of the emergence of cattle ploughing is a revolution in agricultural power in the history of agricultural technology in China.

The second is the construction of water conservancy: orange trees are generally used to irrigate farmland in the Central Plains; During the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu Xiang's grandson uncle Ao Xiu Shaobei; The water conservancy projects in the Warring States period mainly included the Dujiangyan repaired by Li Bing and the Zhengguo Canal repaired by the hydraulic engineer Zheng Guoxiu.

There are a number of developments and achievements in the handicraft industry: in the smelting and casting industry, there is a cast iron softening treatment technology, which is more than 2,000 years earlier than Europe; Bronze casting has the treasure lotus crane square pot in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, gold and silver wrong technology and carving and casting technology; The lacquer process adopts the clamping technology; The achievements of the textile industry include the fragments of linen cloth unearthed from the Chu tomb in Changsha; Other industries include boiling salt and winemaking; There is also a handicraft craft monograph "Examination of the Record".

In terms of commerce, the entire Central Plains market is showing a prosperous scene, and many cities are both bustling commercial centers and political centers of various countries.

1. Agriculture:

In the Song Dynasty, water conservancy was greatly developed, a large area was cultivated, and attention was paid to the improvement of agricultural tools, and agriculture developed rapidly. Agriculture in the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin has developed rapidly. Some northern crops such as millet, wheat, millet and beans came to the south.

Cotton is prevalent in Fujian and Guangzhou. Tea is all over the present Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and other places.

The number of areas where mulberry and silkworm and hemp are cultivated is also increasing. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the rice output in the Taihu Lake area ranked first in the country, especially represented by Pingjiang Mansion (now Suzhou), which was known as "Suhu is ripe, the world is full" (referring to Suzhou and Huzhou) or "Su Changshu, the world is full" (referring to Suzhou and Changzhou).

2. Handicrafts:

1. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Leizhou Peninsula area of Guangdong and the southern part of Guangxi became the center of the cotton textile industry. The silk weaving industry in Zhejiang and Sichuan and Shu is the most developed. The Song Dynasty also set up brocade institutes in the most developed areas of the silk weaving industry, that is, government-run silk weaving workshops.

The related printing and dyeing industry has also developed as a result.

2. The official kilns and private kilns of the Song Dynasty spread all over the country. From time to time, there are seven famous porcelain kilns such as Hebei Quyang Ding kiln, Henan Ruzhou Ru kiln, Yuzhou Jun kiln, Kaifeng official kiln, Zhejiang Longquan brother kiln, Jiangxi Jingdezhen Jingde kiln, Fujian Jianyang kiln, and many large and small porcelain kilns distributed in various places.

The Song porcelain produced was exported to overseas through the Maritime Silk Road, such as Japan, Goryeo, Nanyang, India, Central and Western Asia and other regions. The porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty, both in terms of output and production technology, has been greatly improved compared with the previous generation.

3. The shipbuilding industry ranks first in the world, and the shipbuilding industry in Guangzhou and Quanzhou is developed.

3. Commerce: During the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan and was regarded as the earliest paper money. As a result of the policy of non-inhibition and annexation in agriculture, the labor force of the whole society is sufficient, and industry and commerce have developed rapidly, and the industrial and commercial tax accounts for 70% of the total tax revenue.

The southward shift of the ancient economic center of gravity began in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and the event was the Anshi Rebellion, which was completed in the Southern Song Dynasty.

1. Agriculture: During the Song Dynasty, water conservancy was greatly developed, a large area was cultivated, and attention was paid to the improvement of agricultural tools, and agriculture developed rapidly. New types of fields such as terraced fields, sand fields, and silt fields all appeared in the Song Dynasty, which greatly increased the cultivated area of the Song Dynasty. Agriculture in the Yangtze River valley and the Pearl River basin has developed rapidly, crops such as millet, wheat, and millet from the north have come to the south, cotton and tea cultivation has become prevalent, and the number of areas growing mulberry and silkworms and hemp is also increasing.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the rice output in the Taihu Lake area ranked first in the country, represented by the Taiping Mansion, and was known as "Suhu is ripe, and the world is full".

2. Handicrafts: During the Song Dynasty, the mineral deposits were abundant, the silk, linen, wool textile industry was developed, the papermaking materials were abundant, the printing industry was developed, and the engraved books of the Song Dynasty were famous for their excellent paper and ink, sparse layout, mellow fonts, and rare handwriting. Moreover, the shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty was developed, and the shipbuilding technology level of the Song Dynasty was the highest in the world at that time.

3. Commerce: The Song Dynasty was prosperous in commerce, and the "Jiaozi" in Chengdu was the earliest paper money in the world, and the Song Dynasty had sufficient labor and rapid industrial development, and the industrial and commercial tax revenue accounted for 70% of the total tax revenue of the Song Dynasty, becoming the main body of the Song Dynasty's tax revenue.

The southward shift of China's ancient economic center began in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and was completed in the Southern Song Dynasty.

It began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was completed in the Two Song Dynasty.

The business model of agriculture in ancient China was a small-scale peasant economy.

The small-scale peasant economy was the basic model of agricultural production in ancient Chinese feudal society for a long time. With the individual as the unit, intensive farming, male cultivation and female weaving as the way, self-sufficiency as the purpose of production. The small-scale peasant economy is a self-sufficient natural economy with the family as the unit of production and living, and the combination of agriculture and cottage industry, and the main purpose of production is to meet the basic needs of the family and pay taxes.

In China, the self-sufficient natural economy has always been dominant in the feudal economy. The mode of operation is a subsistence smallholder economy.

The main features of the smallholder economic business model:

1. Take the family as the unit, and the male ploughs and the female weaves.

2. Combined with cottage industry.

3. It is susceptible to natural disasters, harsh administration, population surge, land annexation, etc.

The smallholder economy is a type of natural economy, which can also be said to be a yeoman economy. The main mode of production of ancient agriculture is intensive farming, which is a summary of the essence of traditional agriculture in ancient China. It refers to the agricultural production technology system in which a large amount of means of production or labor is invested in a certain area of land, and advanced technical measures (such as the innovation of production tools, irrigation, fertilization technology, etc.) are used to carry out meticulous farming, so as to increase the output per unit area and increase the total amount of products.

It emphasizes intensive management, planting less and harvesting more, which is a great creation of ancient Chinese farmers and has laid an important foundation for the sustained and uninterrupted development of Chinese civilization.

A subsistence smallholder economic model.

The emergence of the iron plough and the gradual popularization of oxen ploughing and the establishment of the feudal land ownership system promoted the formation of a small-scale peasant economy, which was the basic mode of agricultural production in China's feudal society.

The characteristics of ancient Chinese agriculture can be summarized in three points:

First, the mainstream of agricultural technology is intensive farming;

2. The vast agricultural areas with crop farming as the center, the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, and the vast pastoral areas with nomadic herding as the main areas coexist and complement each other;

3. The imbalance in the development of agriculture in various regions and ethnic groups. There are different types of agricultural culture in different regions and different nationalities in China, and China's ancient agriculture developed in the mutual exchange and integration of these different types of agricultural cultures.

In ancient times, we usually became a small-scale peasant economy, and we were also a man and a woman weaver in the traditional sense. The yeoman peasant economy was the main element of the feudal economy. In modern times, especially after the Opium War, the small-scale peasant economy gradually disintegrated, and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, private ownership of land was abolished, and the small-scale peasant economy collapsed.

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1. Government-run handicraft industry, government-operated; It is characterized by direct operation, large workshop production, abundant funds and exquisite products; The market is not in circulation and is only for the use of the government; It was dominant before the middle of the Ming Dynasty; It is used by the government and the royal family.

2. Cottage industry, independent operation of the family unit; The scale is small, there is not much capital, and profit is not the main purpose; A small part is circulated as a commodity; The products are mainly used for tax payment and self-consumption; As a side business of farmers, it has no clear status.

3. Private handicraft industry, private operation; The scale is larger and the funds are stronger; Most of the products circulate in the market; Dominant after the middle of the Ming Dynasty; The products are used for private consumption and circulated in the market for the purpose of profit.

With the development of handicraft science and technology in the Spring and Autumn Period, a book about the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period appeared.

The monograph on handicraft science and technology is a key description of Zhao Guo.

Design standards and production techniques of various official web handicrafts. It not only played a vital role in the development of engineering design in China, but was also unique in the world at that time.

Northern song dynasty. In the last years, Li Jie.

The "Construction Law" is an excellent work in the history of Chinese construction, which describes and delicately outlines the building decoration materials, structures and styles. Song Yingxing of the Ming Dynasty wrote "Tiangong Kaiwu", which summarized the production technology of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industry in the Ming Dynasty, and was called "the encyclopedic dictionary of Chinese processing technology in the 17th century" overseas. In addition, it has also obtained some overseas technology, such as wax satin weaving method, Korean cotton printing and dyeing method and Western countries Zhanteng artillery barracks casting method, which shows that overseas technology has gradually been introduced and has become an indispensable professional knowledge for everyone.

The characteristics and transformation of the development of handicraft industry in ancient China Handicraft industry is one of the two pillar industries of China's ancient social and economic development. The development of handicraft production and manufacturing is directly related to the development of human development.

The development of handicrafts in ancient China had the main characteristics: the development of agriculture and animal husbandry and handicrafts were closely linked, but the development of handicrafts was constrained by agriculture. Handicrafts, personal handicrafts and farmer family handicrafts are closely combined, but for a long time, handicrafts have been dominant.

From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the folk handicraft industry has developed greatly. It has expanded in scale and advanced technology, and has slowly taken over the dominant position, driving commercial services and urban prosperity.

The rulers have long implemented the current policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, and the development of handicrafts has fallen behind. The peasant family suffered a cruel feudal society.

Exploitation, extreme poverty, unable to buy finished products from the market. Large landlords and merchants used the money obtained from exploitation to buy land, which seriously affected the expansion and production of handicrafts. At the same time, the rulers of feudal society also strictly controlled the scale of operation of handicraft manufacturing.

With the expansion of the handicraft industry in the private sector, its operating model has changed. In the second half of the Ming Dynasty, it was accompanied by the regional market economy of Jiangnan.

With the development of more and more large and medium-sized workshops and workshops employing a lot of workers, thus forming a "family asset allocation of equipment."

"Productivity of mechanical workers" and "everyday use value" of both labor and management, the germ of capitalism.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the handicraft industry in Jiangnan and Guangdong increased in the budding capitalism, the scale of small handicraft workshops was further expanded, and the budding capitalism further developed.

In ancient times, the main agricultural areas were in these places in the south of the Yangtze River, and the local soil and weather were very suitable for the growth of crops, and the connection between agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in ancient times was also very close, which was a circular effect, which would also help the subsequent development and collective adjustment.

China's main agricultural areas are in Shanxi, Shandong and Jiangnan; The difference between these three is that ancient agriculture can directly derive ancient handicrafts, and the prosperity of agriculture and handicrafts will lead to ancient commerce.

In ancient agricultural areas, mostly near the Yellow River Valley, agriculture and handicrafts led to the development of commerce, agriculture evolved into handicrafts, and agriculture and handicrafts made commerce prosperous.