What is the first, second and third cosmic velocity

First cosmic velocity (v1) The velocity that a spacecraft must have when moving in a circle along the earth's surface, also known as orbital velocity. According to the theory of mechanics, it is possible to calculate v1 7 9 km seconds. The spacecraft is orbiting at an altitude of more than hundreds of kilometers above the surface of the ground, and the gravitational pull of the ground on the spacecraft is smaller than that on the ground, so its speed is slightly less than V1.

Second cosmic velocity (v2) When the spacecraft exceeds the first cosmic velocity v1 and reaches a certain value, it will break away from the earth's gravitational field and become an artificial planet orbiting the sun, which is called the second cosmic velocity, also known as escape velocity. According to the theory of mechanics, the second cosmic velocity v2 11 2 km/s can be calculated. Since the Moon has not yet exceeded the range of the Earth's gravity, the initial velocity of the lunar spacecraft launched from the ground should not be less than 10,848 km/s.

The third cosmic velocity (v3) is the minimum velocity required to launch a spacecraft from the earth's surface, fly out of the solar system, and roam the vast galaxy, which is called the third cosmic velocity. According to the theory of mechanics, the third cosmic velocity v3 16 7 km/h can be calculated. It should be noted that this is the v3 value calculated when the orbital velocity of the spacecraft is selected to coincide with the direction of the Earth's orbital speed; If the direction is not the same, the required speed will be greater than 16 7 km/s.

It can be said that the speed of the spacecraft is the only factor that breaks free from the gravitational pull of the earth and even the sun, and at present, only rockets can break through the cosmic speed.

Fourth cosmic velocity (v4) is the first stage of cosmic velocity, when it is expected that an object has a velocity of 110 120 km s, it can leave the Milky Way and enter an extragalactic galaxy, this velocity is called the fourth cosmic velocity.

What are the three cosmic velocities.

Clause. The cosmic velocities of the first, second, and third are , respectively

For an object on Earth to break away from the Earth's gravitational pull and become an artificial planet orbiting the Sun, the minimum velocity required is the second cosmic velocity, which is about kilometers and seconds, which is twice the velocity of the first cosmic velocity. A ground object can detach itself from the Earth in a parabolic orbit when it gains such velocity.

The third cosmic velocity is the minimum velocity at which objects on Earth fly out of the solar system relative to the center of the earth, and the magnitude of the third cosmic velocity is about kilometers and seconds. Objects on the ground can fly away from the earth in a hyperbolic orbit after gaining this speed when they make full use of the earth's rotational speed

When it reaches 930,000 kilometers from the center of the earth, it is considered to have broken away from the gravitational pull of the earth and will move under the gravitational pull of the sun. The object orbits in a parabola relative to the Sun and eventually leaves the solar system out of the Sun's gravitational field.

First cosmic velocity.

The first cosmic velocity, also known as the detachment velocity, refers to the speed at which an object can finally escape from the earth after flying upwards from the earth's surface and overcoming the earth's gravity. Calculated by the mass of the object and the gravitational pull of the Earth, the first cosmic velocity is about kilometers per second.

Second cosmic velocity.

The second cosmic velocity refers to the minimum velocity required for an object to move in orbit around the Earth, also known as circular orbital velocity. Based on the mass of the object, the gravitational pull of the Earth, and the radius of the Earth, the second cosmic velocity is about kilometers per second, which is the same as the first cosmic velocity.

Third cosmic velocity.

The third cosmic velocity refers to the minimum velocity required to send an object out of the influence of the sun's gravity, causing it to escape the solar system. For the first time in human history, a probe that has completed the mission of the third cosmic velocity and successfully flew into the solar system to mimic the destruction of the outer star region is the first time in human history that it has reached a speed of about kilometers per second.

Third cosmic velocity exploration mission.

On January 5, 2015, NASA's New Horizons probe flew into the Pluto system, the farthest from the Sun. This makes New Horizons the first probe to complete the third cosmic velocity mission. During the flight, New Horizons used Jupiter's gravitational pull and the gravitational pull of other asteroids to accelerate itself, eventually completing the first mission in human history to fly by Pluto.

The application of cosmic velocity in space technology.

In space technology, the first cosmic velocity refers to the speed required for a spacecraft to leave the Earth's surface and enter space, while the second cosmic velocity is the speed required to maintain the Earth's orbit. These speeds are very important parameters for spaceflight, which can help scientists better calculate the speed and orbit of space probes to better explore space.

Summary. The first, second, and third cosmic velocities are all very important concepts in astronautics and physics, and their calculation and use are indispensable in space exploration and space technology. At the same time, we can also use the application of these speeds to better understand the mysteries of space and explore more unknown territories.

The first cosmic velocity is, the second cosmic velocity is, and the third cosmic velocity is.

The three cosmic velocities are based on the study of the motion laws of the two particles under the action of gravitation, and people usually call the minimum launch velocities required for spacecraft to orbit the earth, break away from the earth and fly out of the solar system, which are respectively called the first cosmic velocity (Newton called orbital velocity), the second cosmic velocity (separation velocity) and the third cosmic velocity (the escape velocity of the sun).

Starting from the study of the motion law of two particles under the action of gravitational force, people usually call the minimum launch velocity required for a spacecraft to orbit the earth, leave the earth and fly out of the solar system, which are respectively called the first cosmic velocity, the second cosmic velocity and the third cosmic velocity.

Applications of the three major cosmic velocities:

1. First cosmic velocity: the launch velocity that a spacecraft must have when moving in a circle along the earth's surface, also known as orbiting velocity, which is denoted as v below. According to the theory of mechanics, it can be calculated that v = kilometers and seconds.

However, in accurate calculations, the Earth's gravitational pull on the spacecraft is slightly smaller than that of the spacecraft when it is on the ground, so its velocity is also slightly less than V.

2. Second cosmic velocity: When the spacecraft exceeds the first cosmic velocity v and reaches a certain value, it will break away from the earth's gravitational field and become an artificial planet orbiting the sun, which is called the second cosmic velocity, also known as the detachment velocity. To be free from the Earth's constraints is to be virtually unaffected by the Earth's gravitational pull, which is equivalent to being at an infinite point from the Earth.

It should be noted here that since the Moon has not yet exceeded the range of the Earth's gravity, it is not necessary to reach the second cosmic velocity v to launch a lunar spacecraft from the ground, and its initial velocity is actually not less than that.

3. Third cosmic velocity: The minimum launch velocity required to launch a spacecraft from the earth's surface, fly out of the solar system, and roam in the vast galaxy is called the third cosmic velocity. Also known as escape velocity.

According to the theory of mechanics, the third cosmic velocity v3 = kilometers and seconds. It should be noted that this is the value of v3 calculated when the orbital velocity of the spacecraft is selected to coincide with the direction of the earth's orbital speed; If the direction of the rock scatter is not consistent, the required speed will be greater than kilometers per second. It can be said that the speed of the spacecraft is the only element that breaks free from the gravitational pull of the Earth and even the Sun, and only rockets can break through this cosmic speed at present.