What does the horizontal development of world history mean?

The horizontal development of world history refers to the objective process in which history has changed from being closed to each other to gradually opening up, from being scattered to gradually becoming closely connected, and finally developing into a whole world history. In prehistoric times, humans in their primitive state lived scattered at various points of the earth in clans, tribes, or villages. Although archaeologists have proved in kind that these scattered points were not completely isolated and isolated from each other, and that there had been some accidental contact, due to the extremely low level of material production at that time, it was not possible for each point to have a certain degree of division of labor, to exchange and interact with each other, and to have a large range of pioneering activities.

Therefore, the points are basically closed from each other, and their horizontal connections are almost non-existent, and if they are, they are extremely limited. After entering agriculture and animal husbandry, with the development of material productive forces and the formation of private property, class societies emerged successively in some areas. This broke through the extremely small isolation of primitive clans and tribes, and began to form a state with a certain territorial scope.

There have also been more exchanges between countries and between regions, both peaceful and violent. However, in the pre-capitalist stages of class society, even in the more economically advanced agricultural areas, the economy was basically self-sufficient. The social division of labour and exchange has developed, but it is limited after all, and both handicrafts and commerce are still in a subordinate and complementary position.

As long as production does not go beyond the scope of the natural economy, the relative isolation of all nationalities, countries, and regions will remain. By the end of the century, capitalism had sprouted and flourished in Western Europe. With the "great geographical discoveries," the overseas colonial expansion of Western countries, and the formation of the world market, the long-standing state of isolation and self-defense between countries, regions, and nations has been broken to a greater and greater extent, and the entire world has gradually formed into a close, interdependent, and contradictory integration in the economic, political, and cultural fields.

The decisive force that drives the horizontal development of history from the scattered points of primitive human life to the final union into the unity of the world is also the continuous development of material production. On the basis of the continuous development of material production, people's exploration of new regions and exchanges and exchanges with neighboring regions will inevitably continue to expand. This expansion will inevitably lead to a breakthrough in the state of mutual isolation, and a process of gradual breakthrough in the state of mutual isolation, that is, the process of the gradual development of history into world history.

Although the degree and sequence of breaking the isolation state in different regions at different stages of development are not consistent, the horizontal development process of history still has the significance of universal law in theory.

Horizontal development refers to the objective process of history from the mutual isolation of various regions to the gradual opening up, from the dispersion of each other to the gradual connection, and finally to the development of the whole world history. Horizontal development is the beginning of historical development, the social division of labor has developed, and exchanges and exchanges have been further developed, but there is still a state of isolation from each other; In the century, capitalism sprouted and developed, the era of geographical discoveries arrived, the Western countries divided into foreign colonies and expanded, and the world market was formed step by step, as a result of which the previous state of isolation and isolation of various regions and countries began to be broken, and the political, economic, and cultural aspects of the whole world gradually formed a closely linked, interdependent and contradictory whole. In this process, the decisive force for horizontal development is the continuous development of material production, and because of the development of material production, people's expansion and exploration of new regions will inevitably expand, and then the isolation of the world will be broken, and history will move from it to world history.

Horizontal and vertical development in the process of historical development are not independent and parallel, they are mutually conditional. In other words, the vertical development of history from barbarism to civilization and from the lower social stage to the higher social stage restricts its horizontal development from tribe to state and from region to world. Second, horizontal development has a counterproductive effect on the general desire for development.

Horizontal development is compatible with vertical development at a certain stage, and can promote and deepen vertical development. The immigration of the Greeks, colonization in the era of capitalist excesses, and commercial expansion are all evidence of this. The horizontal development of history is also the basic starting point of our view of world history, and horizontal development, as a basic aspect of the process of historical development, is indispensable for understanding history from the perspective of horizontal development.

Vertical development is from the perspective of the social development of a certain place.

Horizontal development refers to the development of different regions in the world.

The development of human history into world history has gone through a long process. This process consists of two aspects: vertical and horizontal.

The vertical development mentioned here refers to the evolution of different modes of production in the history of human material production and the resulting changes in different social forms. For example, the five modes of production of primitive commune, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and communism and the corresponding five social forms.

The so-called horizontal development of world history refers to the objective process in which history has changed from being closed off from each other to gradually opening up, from being scattered with each other to gradually becoming closely connected, and finally developing into a whole world history.

Generally speaking, vertical development is reflected in time, with the different times, world history is constantly changing, and there are occasional regressions in the middle, and horizontal development is reflected in spatial geography, from closed fragmentation to alliance integration between different regions.

The horizontal development of the world refers to the objective process of the isolation of various regions from mutual isolation to gradual opening up, from dispersion to gradual close connection, and finally to the development of the whole.

There are more exchanges between countries and between regions, both peaceful and violent. On the basis of the continuous development of material production, people's exploration of new regions, exchanges and exchanges with neighboring regions, and their horizontal ties will inevitably continue to expand. This expansion will inevitably lead to a breakthrough in the closed state between each other, and the process of gradually breaking through the closed state of each other, that is, the process of horizontal development of the world.

Vertical: refers to what happens in each year according to the chronological order of historical development; Vertical development refers to the different modes of production in the history of human material production.

and the resulting change of different social formations.

Horizontal: refers to the political, economic, cultural and other aspects, refers to the history from the mutual isolation of various regions to the gradual opening up, from the dispersion of each other to the gradual close connection, and finally developed into the overall world history.

This objective process.

The vertical and horizontal development of human society are two different aspects of the same historical process. Longitudinal development mainly refers to the trend of human society from a low-level form to a high-level form, which is mainly manifested as a kind of forward and upward movement in time. The intrinsic reason for this is the inheritance and continuity of the development of the productive forces in history and the contradictory movement within the mode of production.

Horizontal development mainly refers to the trend of human society changing from national history to world history in modern times, and it is mainly manifested in a movement of spatial openness and globalization. Its intrinsic reason is the general development of the productive forces and the general development of world exchanges.

The vertical history is from ancient times to the present, and the horizontal is the historical events of the year.

Vertical: Is it the historical development of a thing from ancient times to the present? The Kangqian era was a great breakthrough and development in Chinese history.

Horizontal: Is it how a thing compares to other things of the same kind in a particular historical period? Compared with the Western countries at that time, there were limitations in the prosperous era of Kangqian, and the so-called prosperous era at that time was only for that dynasty, the reform of the government administration achieved certain results, and the politics were only relatively clear, and there was no major development in science and technology at all.

On the other hand, the West was in the embryonic stage of the Industrial Revolution at that time, and after the death of Qianlong, it is more recognized that the Industrial Revolution began (after 1830).

As the saying goes, compared to your former self, you are an improvement compared to others, and you are a weaker person than others.