Characteristics of Majiayao culture, how many types of Majiayao culture include?

Peculiarity. Architectural style.

Majiayao culture.

The ruins of the villages are generally located on the terraces on both sides of the Yellow River and its tributaries, close to water sources, and the soil is well developed. Most of the houses are semi-crypt buildings, and some are built on flat ground, and there are three types of houses: square, round and divided, with square houses being the most common.

Funeral customs. There are more than 2,000 tombs of Majiayao culture that have been excavated, and the cemetery is generally adjacent to the residence, and the public cemetery is popular, and the tombs are arranged irregularly, most of them are east or southeast. Pit tombs are prevalent, and there are rectangular, square, and round shapes.

The burial style varies according to the period and region, and there are generally upright limbs, sideways flexion and secondary burials.

Majiayao cultural pottery industry is very developed, its painted pottery inherits the Yangshao culture temple ditch type of hearty style, but the performance is more fine, forming a gorgeous and elegant artistic style, than Yangshao culture has further development, artistic achievements have reached the peak of the height. Most of the pottery is formed by the clay strip plate construction method, the pottery is orange-yellow, and the surface of the ware is very finely polished. In many Majiayao cultural relics, there are also kilns and pottery kilns, pigments, stone slabs for grinding pigments, and toning pottery dishes.

The painted pottery of Majiayao culture was dominated by pure black painted patterns in the early days; In the middle stage, pure black color and black and red colors were used to draw patterns; In the late period, black and red were used to draw patterns. The pottery process of Majiayao culture has begun to use slow wheel trimming. He also used the wheel to draw concentric circles, strings, parallel lines and other ornaments, showing skillful painting skills.

The mass production of painted pottery shows that the social division of pottery in this period has long been specialized, and specialized pottery craftsmen have appeared. The development of painted pottery is a significant feature of Majiayao culture, in all the painted pottery culture found in our country, the proportion of Majiayao culture painted pottery is the highest, and its inner color is also particularly developed, the characteristics of the era of the pattern are very distinct. Since the end of the 50s of the 20th century, with the accumulation of a large number of newly unearthed materials, the study of Majiayao cultural painted pottery has attracted more and more attention from the academic community, and has gradually formed a hot spot in the study of prehistoric culture.

After the decline of the painted pottery of Yangshao culture in the Central Plains, the painted pottery of Majiayao culture continued to develop for hundreds of years, pushing the painted pottery culture to an unprecedented height. Majiayao culture is represented by painted pottery, its vessel type is rich and colorful, the pattern is extremely rich in changes and gorgeous and colorful, it is an unparalleled wonder in the history of the development of painted pottery in the world, it is the most splendid culture created by the ancient ancestors of mankind, and it is the peak of the development of painted pottery art. It is not only the source of industrial civilization and agricultural civilization, but also the origin and development of Chinese culture and art for a long time, and its magical and brilliant artistic charm is still shaking our hearts.

Majiayao culture is a Neolithic culture with northwest regional characteristics formed by the westward development of Yangshao culture, about 6000 years ago. The people of the Majiayao culture generally lived a settled life in clans, and their settlements were mostly located on the terraces on both sides of the river. Most of their houses are crypts, with circular or square plans and stoves in the houses, which can be said to be the ancestors of classical Chinese civil engineering architecture.

During the period of Majiayao culture, people mainly based on the primitive farming economy, and the production tools were tools processed from animal bones, as well as axes, knives, chisels, adzes, shovels, sickles, etc., which were sharpened with stones. The farming method is the "fire cane planting" method of farming, and people in this period have begun to use soil turning tools.

After the decline of Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture sprung up, reached the peak of the world's ancient faience history, and created the most brilliant faience culture of mankind.

There are four types of pottery made in Majiayao culture:

1) Stone ridge type below. The largest diameter is in the abdomen, the mouth edge is mostly flat, and the variant bird pattern has become a unique pattern of the type under the stone ridge, and the abdomen is often decorated with a bipartite continuous variant fish pattern.

2) Majiayao type. The modeling characteristics of pottery such as bottles, pots, pots, saucers, and bowls are: the maximum diameter of bottles and pots is close to the shoulder of the pottery, and there are many mouths with slender and high diameters, and the mouth edge is reversed outward, and its shape is very beautiful.

The lines of the Majiayao type pattern are very smooth, and the patterns are exquisite, mostly water ripples and swirl patterns. Typical Majiayao type of faience is painted with smooth and vivid black lines, some of the pottery is painted with white color, and red color also appears in the later period. The painting method is similar to the form of gongbi painting.

Some people believe that the source of Chinese gongbi painting is Majiayao painted pottery painting.

3) Mid-levels type faience. Judging from the shape of pots, pots, bowls, and bottles, especially pots and jars, the maximum diameter of these pottery falls back close to the waist; From the point of view of the characteristics of the painting, it is composed of black and red colors, the black color has obvious zigzag lines, the pattern is gorgeous and exquisite, and its pattern inherits the water ripples of Majiayao, and then it is more exaggerated to paint into a large vortex pattern. In the later evolution of the pattern of Mid-Levels, the center point of the water ripples was gradually enlarged, and the four major circles representing the countryside were painted.

The connotation it expresses transitions from water culture to land culture.

4) Horse factory type. Painted pottery has pots, bottles, jars, bowls, basins, cups, with bottles, jars as the most, its pattern inherits the four circles of the painted pottery in the middle of the mountain, and then the four circles are reduced to two circles, and the frog god pattern is painted on the other two sides, and some are all painted with the frog god pattern. There are many forms of frog god patterns, some of which are often painted by abstract deformation and deconstruction.

The shape of its pottery is more like a round sphere extending downward from the bottom. The characteristics of its painting are: remove the zigzag pattern of the painted pottery in the middle of the mountain, paint the red color directly into the background color, express the pattern with black lines on the background color, and the painting is very rough, and its painting is similar to the form of freehand painting.

There are also people who believe that Machang painted pottery painting is the source of Chinese freehand painting.

The Majiayao culture includes three cultural types: Majiayao, Banshan and Machang, the Majiayao type is earlier than the Banshan type, and the Banshan type is earlier than the Machang type.

Among them, there are many factors that are similar to the type of Mid-Levels and the type of horse factory, and they are closely related.

The distribution range of the Banshan culture type is the same as that of the Majiayao type, but it has gradually moved westward. The distribution of Machang culture is more westward than that of Majiayao culture and Banshan culture.

Cultural nomenclature. Although the Majiayao site was discovered earlier, it was named after it in the 40s of the 20th century. There have been many controversies in the archaeological community about the naming of the Majiayao culture and whether to include the types of Banshan and Machang, and the opinions have not yet been completely unified.

Anderson, who was the first to investigate and excavate the Majiayao site, referred to the remains of Majiayao in Lintao and the remains of the Banshan in Guanghe as the Yangshao period or Yangshao culture, and in order to distinguish it from the Yangshao culture in Henan and Shaanxi, it was also called the Yangshao culture in Gansu.

The Majiayao culture includes several types, such as Shilingxia type, Majiayao type, Banshan type and Machang type. Shilingxia painted pottery to Gangu County Wangjiaping unearthed salamander pattern image is the most distinctive, the salamander in the painting is vivid, the head is like a human face, the details are more specific, is the personified image. Majiayao type faience decoration area is large, and the patterns are mostly swirl patterns, wave patterns, and arc triangle patterns, which have the characteristics of dense composition, rotating and undulating ornamentation, and strong dynamics.

The mid-mountain type faience shape is strong and generous, with zigzag patterns and swirl patterns as the most, and the color is harmonious and warm. The background color of Machang type faience is mainly orange-yellow, and the pattern is black. People use the parallel, curved, and intersecting patterns of lines of uniform thickness to form various exquisite patterns such as concentric circles, swirl patterns, and draping patterns.

The patterns of faience are often spread all over the mouth of the utensils to near the bottom, and there is a sense of grace and luxury. As mentioned above, the Majiayao type of dance faience pot unearthed in Shangsunjiazhai, Datong County, Qinghai, shows the dance scene of primitive people, which is summarized and very vivid, and can be called the outstanding production of Majiayao cultural faience art.

Gansu Yangshao culture "3800 BC to about 2000 BC Qin Zheng Shou. Suspicion.

It is a branch of Yangshao culture, which inherits the type of ditch at the bottom of the temple of Yangshao culture and connects to Qijia culture below. The painted canvas is very large, and it is often colored all over the body, and it is complicated and magnificent.

Orange yellow pottery, orange red pottery: thick black lines, uniform symmetry.

The open shallow bush of the belly of the pot is applied with internal color, and the whole body with a higher body is colored.

Dancing pattern faience pot": In 1995, Qinghai unearthed belongs to the Neolithic Majiayao culture Majiayao type, with a height of 14 cm, a diameter of 20 cm, and a bottom diameter of 10 cm. The inner wall is painted with two groups of figures, one group of 13 people and one group of eleven people, all of whom are pot-bellied and thin, dancing hand in hand.

A double-person hand-held pattern faience pot was unearthed in the same place, and the meaning of the image may be related to sacrifice.

The history of the development of Chinese ceramics.

1. Shiling Gorge type: It was first discovered in 1947 at the Shiling Gorge site in Chengguan Town, Wushan County, Gansu Province. It is a transitional relic under the Majiayao culture and above the Yangshao culture temple ditch type strata.

2. Majiayao type limb base: named after the Majiayao first discovered in Lintao, Gansu Province in 1924, the site has been announced as the third batch of key cultural relics protection units in the country in January 1988;

3. Banshan type: Discovered in 1924 on the west bank of the Tao River in Guanghe, Gansu Province, it is the general name of many residential sites and cemeteries in Lupai, including the Banshan cemetery. Its distribution range is the Longxi River valley and basin, the Hexi Corridor and the eastern part of Qinghai Province.

4. Horse factory type: It was named after the horse factory that was first discovered in Minhe County, Qinghai Province in 1924. Its geographical distribution is roughly similar to that of the mid-level type.