1 Please use Chinese or other languages as examples to talk about gender differences in language.

Most language speakers are aware of sexism in everyday language.

Chinese characters are divided into single characters and combined characters, and from the combination of radicals of combined characters, we can see the difference in the division of social roles between men and women and the inequality of social status. For example, the word "woman" in the word "woman", the traditional character of "woman" is composed of "woman" and "broom", and the interpretation of it in the "Shuowen Jie Zi" is "a working woman with a broom in her left hand and a dustpan in her right hand, who is in charge of housework every day and obeys her husband in everything", which reflects the low subordinate status of women in the family like servants, and shows that the positioning of women in the old society is to specialize in family work. In addition, the personal pronouns representing men and women in Chinese are "he" and "she", respectively, the former is the character for "person" and the latter is for "female", which reflects the existence of men as "people" and women as "people" in this group, implying the sexist idea that men are general and women are individual.

In addition, Chinese is an isolated language, with no other linguistic and case-like changes, and the expression of its meaning mainly depends on the changes and recombinations of word order between Chinese characters, as well as the new meanings of old words. Through the study of the ordering of Chinese vocabulary, it can be found that in all the words of male and female, whether monosyllabic words or two-syllable words, almost all male words are ranked first, and women are ranked last. For example:

Couples, brothers and sisters-in-law, parents, men and women weaving, men and women are different, one man and half woman, etc. According to the rules of Chinese arrangement, the high value and the important are often ranked first, such as size, elder and younger, and noble and low. It can be seen that the female identification vocabulary is ranked after men, which reflects the historical situation that men are higher than women, and reflects the social bias that "men are superior to women".

Social phenomenon.

What are the common social phenomena:

1. I don't want to applaud my friend's success, but I am willing to donate to the tragic strange.

People are often reluctant to applaud the success of their friends, and like to be a little jealous, a little sour, a little empty, a little looking up, and the situation of being overwhelmed with cold has become a unique description of successful people today. However, we are willing to donate to the unfamiliar miserable, to lend a hand, one good and one bad, we are often more willing to sympathize with the bad, but let the blessing of the good become difficult to wait for and precious. If you have friends who are genuinely happy applauding your progress, please cherish it.

2. Unwilling to help the strong for their persistence, but willing to shed tears for the compromise of the weak.

When there is a strong person in the workplace who stands up and insists on doing something that is difficult to succeed, others will stay away, for fear that he will not be able to do it and drag themselves down, for fear that he will not be able to help and look ashamed, and for fear that he will not be on the side of the public and feel lonely. But he is willing to compromise and shed tears for the weak, and he often has pity for those who have been wronged in the workplace.

3. Unwilling to be burdened by the implementation of the rules, but willing to suffer for the adaptation of the unspoken rules.

The workplace is like a battlefield, and departments that can clearly do a good job according to the rules and regulations are contaminated with a bureaucratic atmosphere and suffer for the unspoken rules. It's far away from us. Very close, such as departments that are prone to gray income, it is the rule that does not receive gifts and does not give gifts.

It is an unspoken rule that you have to get a bid for someone after receiving a gift, and once it becomes a "trade rule", your rejection of the unspoken rule has become an abrupt and dazzling needle, so you try to adapt. The bad atmosphere is still prevalent, and enterprises need to formulate rules in advance and strictly abide by them.

The phonemes of Chinese have distinguishing characteristics.

For example, the phonemes of finals have [a], where [a] is the pre-ɑ. The pronunciation position is forward, [ is the middle ɑ. The pronunciation position is centered, [ɑ is the posterior ɑ, and the pronunciation position is backward.

a]：ɑi、ɑn、uɑn、ɑng、iɑng

]：iɑ、uɑ

]：o、iɑo、uɑi、uɑng

For example, aspirated and unaspirated consonants should also be a set of phonemes.

No aspirated sound Aspirated sound.

b p： b [p] p [p' ]；

d t： d[t] t [t' ]；

g k： g[k] k [k' ]；

1. Definition of Mandarin phonemes.

Phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit that can distinguish meanings in a phonetic system, and it is also a phonetic class that is summarized according to the discriminative role of speech.

Inductive phonemes are usually put in the same speech environment to replace and compare, to see if they can distinguish meaning, all the sounds that can distinguish meaning, are classified into different phonemes, otherwise it is the same phoneme. It can be divided into vowel phonemes, consonant phonemes and tonal phonemes; The first two are phonemes, and the latter are non-phonemes.

2. Characteristics of Mandarin phonemes.

1 A phoneme often contains a number of different sounds, which are called phonemic variants of that phoneme. It can be divided into conditional variants and free variants.

2 Criteria for inductive phonemes: discriminative roles, complementary distributions, and phonological differences.

3 Mandarin has 10 vowel phonemes, 22 consonant phonemes, and 4 tone phonemes.

3. Examples of Mandarin phonemic analysis.

The phonemes in a language are opposed to each other, so that morphemes and the phonetic forms and meanings of words can be distinguished from each other. This mutual opposition and distinction between phonemes, if further analyzed, is actually only achieved through a few phonetic features.

For example: the phoneme of [p] in Mandarin Chinese:

It is distinguished by the feature of "bilabial" and non-bilabial sounds;

It is distinguished from voiced by the characteristic of "clean sound";

It is distinguished from fricatives, nasals, margins, flashes, trills, etc.

It is distinguished from aspirated sounds by the characteristic of "non-aspirated".

Taken together, these features distinguish the [p] phoneme from all other phonemes in Mandarin Chinese.

This kind of phonemic feature with the function of distinguishing phoneme is the distinguishing phonetic feature. Each phoneme in a language can be decomposed into several distinguishing features, and the opposition between phonemes can be further decomposed into the opposition between distinguishing features, so that we can see that the variation function of phonemes is ultimately undertaken by the distinguishing phonetic features. A phoneme can then be defined as a set of distinguishing phonetic features.