The glorious course of ancient Chinese historiography Specific examples

Ancient Chinese historiography refers to Chinese historiography from the pre-Qin period to the Opium War (1840).

Glorious History: Confucius's "Spring and Autumn" is the first chronicle in Chinese historiography and a precedent for private history.

Sima Qian's "Historical Records", the first general history of the chronicle;

Bangu's Book of Han, the first chronicle of the dynastic history;

Xun Yue's "Han Ji", the first chronicle of the broken dynasty;

Du You's "General Dictionary", the world's earliest general history of the canonical system;

Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian represents a new achievement in the writing of general histories in the chronicle genre;

Zheng Qiao's "General Chronicles" represents a new achievement in the writing of general history in the genre of chronicles;

Ma Duanlin's "General Examination of Literature" represents a new achievement in the writing of general histories in the canonical genre;

Yuan Shu's "Tongjian Chronicle" is a masterpiece of the chronicle.

The glorious history is innumerable.

The fine tradition of ancient Chinese historiography: the pursuit of truth, enlightenment, and so on.

The first is the tradition of enlightenment, that is, the tradition of pursuing truth and exploring the laws of history.

Second, the tradition of seeking truth and the study of history, as far as its direct purpose is concerned, is to truthfully reveal the basic trajectory of human activities, which determines that it must take specific historical facts as an important basis for its academic activities.

The third is to learn about the tradition of the world. Embodying the spirit of general history, Chinese historiography has a tradition of emphasizing "generalization", starting from Sima Qian's "Records of the Historian", the works of general history have been continuous, and at the same time, the interpretation of general history theory has also been insightful. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Xuecheng summarized the phenomenon of emphasizing "general" in Chinese historiography as "general history family style", and made a wonderful summary of the ancient tradition of "changes through the past and the present".

Drawing on the reality of ancient Chinese historiography, the general history has the meaning of "vertical communication", "meeting communication" and "horizontal communication". The so-called "longitudinal communication" refers to the connection between the past and the present, taking history as a continuous process of adaptation due to revolution, presenting the connection and evolution of history from beginning to end, and "the change through the past and the present" is the core of its theory.

Expansion:

Sima Qian's "Historical Records", Du You's "General Dictionary", Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian", etc., are all representative works of "Zongtong". "Huitong" is the Southern Song Dynasty Zheng Qiao strongly advocated the method of history, he expounded his "Huitong" concept in the "General Chronicles: General Preface": first, the "Hui" of documentary materials, Yan Changhu "total "poems", "books", "rites", "music" and "will be in one hand, and then can be the same as the world's literature"; The second is the "pass" of ancient and modern history, "through the two emperors and three kings and into one family, and then can change the ancient and modern".

Obviously, Zheng Qiao added the "meeting" in the literature on the basis of "the changes of the past and the present", that is, the integration of various historical materials to write history. Zhang Xuecheng discussed the general history and mentioned "horizontal communication". Zhang's "horizontal communication" has the meaning of criticizing the academic community to show off his knowledge.

At the same time, he also believes that for the "longitudinal communication", the value of "horizontal communication" cannot be ignored, and it is a necessary condition for the completion of "vertical communication". Its "horizontal communication" contains the profound knowledge reserve of historians and the rich historical content of historical works.

This is to add consideration to the social history content contained in historical works on the basis of "changes through the past and the present". It can be seen that from Sima Qian's "changes through the past and the present", to Zheng Qiao's "Huitong", and then to Zhang Xuecheng's "Hengtong", the connotation of "general history and family style" has been continuously enriched. To be sure, the "general history and family style" is rich in connotation, and in terms of time, it runs through the past and the present; In terms of information, four departments were widely searched; In terms of content, it covers everything.

1. Learning and being a celestial person will be able to understand the past and the present.

The representative historians of ancient China and their writings generally have a broad historical vision. They learn from both heaven and man, can go through the past and the present, and use the momentum and scale of everything to explain the development process of history, the causes and consequences of history.

Knowing the past and the present, and attaching importance to the writing of general history, is the main trend of ancient Chinese literature.

Second, take the ancient as a mirror and apply it to the world.

1. It can be said that it is a consistent tradition of Chinese historiography to evaluate the present and the past and pay attention to the study of contemporary history.

2. Since ancient times, China has paid great attention to the role of reference and training for historical heritage and chronicling and writing history, the so-called "taking the past as a mirror" to give full play to the role of historiography in the world.

3. In the history of the development of ancient Chinese historiography, historians have always paid great attention to the rise and fall of the country's chaos, showing full and deep political feelings. Most of these political sentiments take the application of the world as their starting point and destination.

4. On the other hand, Chinese politics has always paid attention to historiography, which has promoted the development of historiography, but at the same time, the control of the political regime over the cause of historiography has also appeared, which has stifled the creative spirit of historians to a certain extent.

3. Realistic and straightforward, calligraphy is not hidden.

Ancient historians in China have always regarded writing straight as a sacred cause and a noble virtue of upholding great righteousness and avoiding good and evil. Zhishu reflects the realistic spirit of ancient Chinese historiography in a concentrated way, and it is impossible for the writing to become a publicly advocated behavior at any time.

Fourth, morality is the first, and only then can we learn.

1. Attaching importance to the professional and ideological cultivation of historians is a fine tradition of ancient Chinese historiography. Liu Zhiji believes that a historian must have both historical talent, historiography, and historical knowledge. Later, Zhang Xuecheng added "Shi De".

2. Confucianism has dominated the Chinese intellectual circle for thousands of years and has had a far-reaching influence. Classics is the concentrated expression of Confucianism, it is the theoretical basis of feudal society and the doctrine of the code of conduct, and it has become the guiding ideology for the revision of historical books, and it is also the historical meaning that these historical books attempt to repeatedly expound through historical experience. Inevitably, there is some ideological dross here, which shows the historical limitations of ancient Chinese historiography.

When the eyes also misjudge, only by using the heart to experience, to comprehend, to sense, can we see the essence of things; You can't just see with your eyes.

Filial piety comes first, and today's society is lacking in this, although there is Mother's Day Father's Day, but it gives people the feeling of doing business, giving parents some material comfort on the day of it, ignoring the spiritual comfort, this is a very sad thing, not waiting for parents to go to us to arrange a grand farewell party for them, in fact, what they want is a word of comfort for their children, it's as simple as that. But have you really reached it? The lack of any kind of emotion will make us feel empty, so maybe we have to be careful.