What is Composting Technology? What does compost do?

With the deepening of research and the improvement of methods, the application of compost, an ancient and simple method of treating organic waste and making fertilizer, has attracted the attention of various countries, because it has good ecological significance and also brings benefits to agricultural production. There have been many reports that the preparation of seed seedbeds from decompost inhibits soil-borne diseases. And after the high temperature stage of the composting process, the antagonistic bacteria can reach a very high level; In the composting process, under the action of microorganisms, the organic matter reaches a state that is not easy to decompose, stable and easy to be absorbed by crops. At the same time, the microbial effect reduces the toxic effect of heavy metals within a certain range.

It can be seen that compost is a simple and effective way to make bio-organic fertilizer, which is beneficial to the development of ecological agriculture.

The composting technology mentioned above is mainly to use the microorganisms in nature to make the microorganisms of the material itself slowly multiply, to achieve composting technology, and Beijing Huaxia Kangyuan Science and Technology Co., Ltd. adopts the process of the Academy of Military Sciences to produce and sell the fertilizer decay agent microbial strains, mainly through the natural screening, purification, rejuvenation and other processes, artificially increase the number of strains, promote the decomposition of materials, can ferment a variety of materials: animal manure, litter, domestic garbage, bark, sawdust, distiller's grains, straw, etc., the operation is very simple, That is, mix the strains and materials to adjust the moisture to 60%, then do pile fermentation, and turn it over several times regularly.

The use of fertilizer starter is to increase the number of strains artificially, so it greatly reduces the decomposition time of compost, fertilizer fermentation is generally 7-10 days, which can make organic fertilizer meet the standard of high-quality organic fertilizer, and will kill harmful microorganisms such as plant pathogenic bacteria, insect eggs, weed seeds and other harmful microorganisms in the early stage of composting, but the main role of microorganisms in this process is metabolism and reproduction, and only a small amount of metabolites is produced, and these metabolites are unstable and not easy to be absorbed by plants. In the later cooling period, microorganisms will carry out humification of organic matter, and in the process produce a large number of metabolites that are beneficial to plant growth and absorption. the second is humification; Third, a large number of microbial metabolites such as various antibiotics, protein substances, etc.

Compost is a kind of organic fertilizer, contains nutrients are relatively rich, and the fertilizer effect is long and stable, is conducive to promoting the formation of soil solid structure simultaneously, can increase the ability of soil water retention, heat preservation, air permeability, fertilizer retention, and can make up for the single nutrient contained in chemical fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, long-term single use of chemical fertilizer makes the soil compacted, water retention, fertilizer retention performance decreases defect. Composting is an organic fertilizer made by composting and decomposing various plant residues (crop straw, weeds, leaves, peat, garbage and other wastes, etc.) as the main raw materials. Because its composting materials, composting principles, and the composition and properties of its fertilizer are similar to those of manure, it is also called artificial manure [jiù] fertilizer.

3. The role of all compost is:

The nutrients contained in the compost are relatively abundant, and the fertilizer effect is long and stable, which is conducive to promoting the formation of soil solid structure, and can increase the ability of soil water retention, heat preservation, air permeability and fertilizer retention.

Moreover, it can be mixed with chemical fertilizer to make up for the single nutrient contained in chemical fertilizer, and the long-term single use of chemical fertilizer makes the soil compacted, and the defects of water retention and fertilizer retention performance are reduced.

It is conducive to promoting the formation of soil solid structure, and can increase the ability of soil water retention, heat preservation, air permeability and fertilizer retention.

Mixed with chemical fertilizer, it can make up for the single nutrient contained in chemical fertilizer, and the long-term single use of chemical fertilizer makes the soil compacted, and the water and fertilizer retention performance is reduced.

Make full use of microorganisms to return all kinds of organic wastes generated in urban and rural areas to the soil after treatment, which not only controls pollution, but also realizes the recycling of nutrients.

Compost Introduction:

With the development of modern new fertilizers, based on composting technology, a variety of new products such as bio-organic fertilizer, compound microbial fertilizer, and bio-organic inorganic compound fertilizer have been gradually developed.

Compost raw materials** are extensive, including municipal solid waste, crop straw, by-products of the food processing industry, by-products of the pharmaceutical industry, etc. The composting technology should strengthen the research and development and utilization of compost synergists based on the combination of soil improvement and waste utilization, give full play to the advantages of raw material resources, and realize the recycling of functional raw materials according to the needs of crop nutrition and soil improvement.

The above content reference:

People's Daily Online-Composting Technology: From "Ancient" to "New".

There are two main advantages of composting:

One is that waste can be converted into materials that are easy to dispose of;

Second, composting can create valuable compost products, such as organic fertilizer. But the downside is that composting tends to take time and often comes with some risks because if the compost product is planned to be completed in a few weeks.

Soil improvement: Compost has a good effect on soil texture, and can increase organic matter, improve soil structure, reduce the amount of fertilizer, and alleviate potential soil erosion when used in farmland.

Livestock and poultry manure treatment: Composting can reduce manure weight, water content and improve activity, making manure easy to handle and store, odorless and mosquito-free situation. Due to its storage properties, compost can be used at any time of the year to reduce the loss of nitrogen from farmland.

Compost is a fertilizer made by mixing and decomposing various organic matter such as crop straw, fallen leaves, weeds, soil, human manure and urine, livestock manure and urine. The compost material is widely used and the fertilizer effect is good, and it is a fertilizer that is widely accumulated and applied in large quantities in the vast rural areas of China. There are two main ways to build compost:

Normal compost and high-temperature compost. Ordinary compost is a fertilizer made by decomposition and accumulation of gas at room temperature, and the organic matter decomposes slowly and takes 3 to 4 months to decompose. High-temperature composting is a fertilizer made by decomposing cellulose by heat-seeking microorganisms under the conditions of good aeration, suitable moisture and high temperature (50 70), which decomposes organic matter quickly and has a good decomposition effect.

The nature of compost is similar to that of manure and is a hot fertilizer. Compost has complete nutrients, large carbon and nitrogen ratio, long-lasting fertilizer effect, and is generally used as base fertilizer. Long-term application of compost can improve soil fertility, improve soil, increase yields, and improve the quality of agricultural products.

However, the compost used for the production of pollution-free fruit trees cannot use garbage, sludge, etc. as raw materials.

Nutrient content of several types of compost.

No matter what kind of raw materials (including human and livestock manure, straw, weeds, peat, etc.) are used to make compost, it must be fermented at high temperature to kill various parasite eggs and pathogenic bacteria and weed seeds, so that it can meet the harmless health standard, that is, the compost temperature reaches 50 55 and lasts for 5 7 days; Ascaris egg mortality rate 95% to 100%; Escherichia coli value 10-1 10-2;Fly breeding is effectively controlled, and there are no live maggots, pupae or newly fledged adult flies around the compost pile.

In principle, farm fertilizers are produced locally and used locally. Fertilizer from foreign farms should be confirmed to meet the requirements before it can be used. Commercial fertilizers and new fertilizers must pass the registration and certification and production license of the relevant state departments, and the quality indicators should meet the requirements of the relevant national standards.

Compost is a good soil amendment. When compost is used on farmland or degraded soils, it can increase organic matter, improve soil structure, reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers used, and mitigate potential soil erosion.

The principle of the composting method: in fact, it is to use microorganisms to metabolize and decompose the organic matter in the garbage, and to carry out harmless treatment at high temperatures, and to produce organic fertilizer.

The advantages of the composting method are that the investment is low, the technology is simple, the recycling of resources can be achieved, the safety is better, and it is beneficial to the growth of plant roots, the disadvantage is that the requirements for garbage classification are high, the odor generated in the aerobic decomposition process will pollute the environment, and the organic matter of the garbage will be reduced after composting treatment, and there will be a certain loss of nitrogen.

Compost making is a basic technique for organic gardening. The first thing to do is to choose a land that will not accumulate water. Then start stacking up the manure layer by layer.

It is very important that the compost pile is made on the soil, in contact with the soil. The ideal height of the compost pile is meters, the width is up to 3 meters, and the length is unlimited.

Spread a layer of "green manure" about 15 cm thick on the ground. "Green fertilizer" refers to fertilizers such as fallen leaves, dead grass, fruit peels, vegetable leaves, and crop residues. Then spread a layer of "brown fertilizer" about 5 cm thick on top.

"Brown fertilizer" refers to fertilizer with high nitrogen content such as animal manure, poultry manure, cottonseeds, beans, etc. Then sprinkle a thin layer of humus and plant ash on it. Grass ash can also be replaced with limestone powder or bitter soil lime.

This piles up the first layer. Then start stacking the second layer in the same way as the first layer. This is piled up layer by layer until it is about a meter high. Then cover it with a thick layer of grass or soil to reduce water evaporation.

Composting refers to a mixture of decaying food scraps and leaves. Once these things have completely decayed and deteriorated, they turn into soft, dark-colored, rockless soil, which is called "humus". Humus is rich in nutrients that can meet the growth needs of plants.

Therefore, microorganisms will greatly change their environment, and while changing the environment, they will obtain food and continue to grow and reproduce. There are hundreds of microbes at work in compost, which produce enzymes that then break down our food scraps into something that microbes can absorb. Once these enzymes are in their hands, everything turns into fresh humus and carbon dioxide gas.

Microbes are arguably the best waste stewards on the planet, and without them, food, animal and plant remains would have piled up endlessly, and our planet would have been overwhelmed long ago. But with microorganisms, these things can decay and decompose into humus.

What is Composting – What Makes Composting and What Are the Benefits of Composting! Let's learn composting!

1. Composting requires a water content of 60% to 75% of the dry material, that is, water droplets can be extruded when the material is held tightly by hand, indicating that the moisture is moderate;

Second, in the early stage of composting, to maintain good aeration conditions, if necessary, can be set up ventilation towers, ventilation ditches, etc., in the later stage to maintain anaerobic conditions, can be removed ventilation towers, blocked ventilation ditches, etc., can be compressed, sealed mud to preserve nutrients and promote the accumulation of humus;

3. The compost temperature in the compost can be controlled between 50 and 60 degrees Celsius, and when the temperature is higher than 65 degrees Celsius, it can be turned over or added to cool down with water to facilitate the preservation of nitrogen;

Fourth, the carbon and nitrogen ratio of compost materials is required to be 25 to 1, so as to be conducive to the decomposition of organic matter by micro-permeable organisms.

The European and American Composting Association characterizes compost as a product obtained by the controlled biological decomposition of organic waste, and the heat generated during the decomposition process can make the raw materials harmless and stable to benefit plant growth, and its physical properties are completely different from the original raw materials. Compost is an organic matter resource with unique properties that improve the chemical, physical and biological properties of the soil or growing substrate, it contains plant nutrients, but it is not yet a typical fertilizer.

Composting technology is a complex system that involves physics, chemistry, and biology.

The following is an example of the traditional Indore method:

1. Spread a layer of hay on the ground to provide a foundation for composting.

2. Build piles layer by layer, first spread a layer of leaves, straw, etc., then spread 5cm thick manure, and then cover it with a layer of surface soil or limestone (the volume ratio of leaves, straw and manure is 3:1).

3. Repeat the layer until the height of the pile is around the right. Turning the pile once every 45 days for 3 months.

A layer of sludge, fine soil or turf soil about 20 cm thick is spread on the aeration ditch of the accumulation site as a bottom pad to absorb the infiltrated fertilizer. The processed material is then stacked layer by layer (after being thoroughly mixed). And after splashing manure, urine fertilizer and water on each layer, then evenly sprinkle a small amount of lime, phosphate rock powder or other phosphate fertilizer (the accumulation material has been treated with lime water can not be used), as well as sheep and horse manure, old compost or inoculation of high-temperature fiber decomposition bacteria.

Each floor needs to be "well fed, drunk, and covered". The so-called "full" means that the straw and urea or soil miscellaneous fertilizer and wheat bran that adjust the carbon and nitrogen ratio should be added to the required amount to ensure the quality of the compost. "Drink enough" means that the straw must be soaked with water, and adding enough water is the key to composting.

"Cover tightly" means that the pile is sealed with soil after the pile, which can play a role in heat preservation and water retention.

And so on layer by layer, until it reaches a height of 132 198 centimeters. The thickness of each layer is extremely thick, generally 33 66 cm, the upper layer should be thin, the middle and lower layers are slightly thicker, and the amount of manure and urine fertilizer and water added to each layer should be more in the upper layer and less in the lower layer, so that it can go down the river and distribute evenly up and down. The stack width and length can be determined by the amount of material taken and the convenience of operation.

The pile shape can be made into a steamed bun shape or other shapes. After stacking, it is sealed with centimeter-thick thin mud, fine soil and old plastic film in time, which is conducive to heat preservation, water retention and fertilizer retention. Subsequently, a circular ditch was opened around the perimeter to facilitate drainage.