I hope that the examination items are comprehensive, and what comprehensive tests should be done for

Answer]: AB ultrasound can understand the degree of hydronephrosis and cortical atrophy, which is simple and easy to perform and non-invasive, and is the preferred method for the detection of hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis is generally diagnosed by intravenous urography, and dilation of the calyces and renal pelvis can be seen in the early stage, and the calyceal cup mouth disappears or appears sac-like development; When the renal function is reduced, the renal parenchyma is prolonged, and the development is not clear.

1. Surgery for hydronephrosis should be carried out as early as possible.

2. The principle of surgery is that the obstruction is mild.

3. Be more cautious about hydronephrosis**.

Empirical Steps:1. Surgery for hydronephrosis should be carried out as early as possible. Rational application of plastic surgery, correction of renal pelvis ureteral junction abnormality, and strive for greater recovery of renal function.

Hydrohydronephrosis is severe, renal function is very severely damaged, and the contralateral kidney is normal, hydronephrectomy can be performed.

2. The principle of surgery is that when the obstruction is mild and the dilation of the renal pelvis is not severe, simple orthopedic surgery is performed; If the dilated balance is obvious, the stenosis of the lesion and the over-dilated renal pelvis should be excised, and then anastomosis; In more severe cases, nephrectomy is performed. Manuscript posture.

3. Be more cautious about hydronephrosis** and do everything possible to preserve the kidneys.

Question: Disease: Left hydronephrosis Department of the hospital where he was treated:

Ningxia Affiliated Hospital Urology Examination and Laboratory Tests: Dull pain in the waist, soreness for half a year, frequent urination (once every half an hour) in the past month, less urine, weakness in urination, incomplete urination, B ultrasound in the hospital showed mild hydrops in the left kidney, renal pelvis separation of 2cm, the upper end of the left ureter was slightly dilated and the inner diameter was about about, the size and shape of both kidneys were normal, the capsule was intact, the parenchyma echo was uniform, the "finger-like" distribution of both kidneys, and the spectrum was not abnormal; normal blood tests; Urine test protein 1+, mucus filament exceeded the standard by 9 times; After urination, the amount of residual urine in the bladder is about. The doctor asked me to do a venous pyelogram, but the radiologist heard that it was an allergy and did not give the contrast examination, and the doctor did not show the results of the examination.

**Condition: Not yet administered** and no medication.

Medical history: 10 years of gastric ulcer, **healed; Chronic superficial gastritis, intestinalization of the gastric mucosa.

Hydronephrosis often does not have typical clinical manifestations, mainly manifested by symptoms and signs of the primary disease, and the diagnosis of hydronephrosis should first be confirmed, and then the cause of hydronephrosis, the location of the lesion, the degree of obstruction, the presence or absence of infection, and renal impairment should be identified.

1. Clinical manifestations.

1. Low back pain is a persistent dull pain or swelling discomfort.

2. Lumbar and abdominal lump begins under the costal margin at first, and gradually extends to the flank abdomen and waist, and the large one can cross the midline as a smooth cystic mass, with regular edges, fluctuating sensation, and no obvious tenderness.

3. Hematuria is generally microscopic hematuria. Worsening of hematuria after concurrent infection, stones, or trauma.

4. Oliguria or anuria If there is fluid accumulation in both kidneys, but one kidney or only one side of the functioning kidney, and the patient with severe impairment of renal function, there will be oliguria or anuria.

5. Oliguria and polyuria alternately occur in some patients with primary hydronephrosis. The lump may shrink abruptly and the pain may decrease after one large urination, and the lump may increase rapidly and the pain will worsen when the urine output decreases.

6. Hypertension About 1 3 of patients with severe hydronephrosis have hypertension, which is mild or moderately elevated. May be due to parenchymal ischemia caused by compression of the interlobular artery by dilated pelvis calyces.

7. Spontaneous renal rupture In the absence of trauma, sooner or later, the renal pelvis ruptures due to secondary infection, resulting in perirenal hematoma and urinary extravasation. Presents with sudden-onset flank and abdominal pain with widespread marked tenderness and muscle tension.

8. Fever: The body temperature rises during secondary infection.

9. Digestive tract symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and the above symptoms are aggravated after drinking a large amount of water.

10. Bilateral obstruction causes chronic renal insufficiency and uremia.

2. Auxiliary examination.

1. Low back pain, cystic mass in the waist.

2. B-ultrasound: the size of the kidney increases, the cortex becomes thinner, and the size of the parenchyma varies from liquid dark area.

3. X-ray intravenous urography shows hydronephrosis.

4. Isotope nephrogram, obstructive nephrogram.

5. Transureteral retrograde intubation angiography shows hydronephrosis.