Who is the one who holds an idealist position on philosophical ideas?

Why do so many philosophers lean toward idealism?

Idealism. The idealist line of cognition denies that cognition is the reflection of the human brain on the objective world, and holds that cognition precedes matter and man's practical experience. Among them, subjective idealism believes that human cognition is subjectively self-generated and is born to know.

Objective idealism holds that human knowledge is the product of divine revelation or some objective spirit.

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato believed that there is an idea world independent of the real world, and human knowledge is the first to know and recall the ideas in it, so he put forward the idea that knowledge is memory. Although the statements and manifestations of various schools of idealistic philosophy are different, they all deny the objectivity of cognition, deny that cognition is the reflection of the human brain on the objective world, and are essentially idealistic transcendentalism, making cognition a source of water and a tree without roots.

The difference between historical materialism and idealistic historical view: The fundamental difference is that consciousness determines behavior, or behavior determines consciousness. Historical materialism emphasizes that there are behaviors first, so there are later conscious ideas, while idealistic historical view refers to controlling people's every move and regulating people's lives through spiritual consciousness.

Idealism holds that spirit is primary and matter is secondary. Materialism holds that matter is the primary nature and spirit is the second nature, and materialism and idealism are two fundamentally opposed philosophical basic schools.

The fundamental view of materialism is to recognize that the essence of the world is matter, that there is matter first and then consciousness in the world, that matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of matter. Contrary to materialism, the fundamental view of idealism is that the essence of the world is consciousness, and that it is not matter that determines consciousness, but consciousness that determines matter.

The basis for dividing historical materialism and idealistic historical view:

The basis for distinguishing between historical materialism and idealistic historical outlook is to see whether or not social existence determines social consciousness. Social existence is primary, it determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reflects social existence and plays a role in promoting or hindering social existence. The question of which is the primacy of social existence and social consciousness is the fundamental boundary between historical materialism and historical idealism.

Social existence refers to the material life process of society, the basis and determining force of which is the mode of production of material materials. Social consciousness refers to the process of spiritual life of society, and in a broad sense, it refers to all elements of consciousness and conceptual forms of society, including social psychology and forms of social consciousness; In the narrow sense, it refers specifically to the consciousness of social relations, i.e., ideology.

Social existence determines social consciousness, social consciousness is a reflection of social existence, and the nature and changes of social existence determine the nature and changes of social consciousness. Social consciousness has an active role in social existence.

Among them, the role of social existence in determining social consciousness is the first, and social consciousness is the reflection of social existence, which is secondary, and it is the view of historical materialism to recognize that social existence determines social consciousness, and historical materialism opposes both metaphysical mechanistic theory that obliterates the role of social consciousness and historical idealism that exaggerates this active role.

Idealism is a philosophical view that emphasizes the primacy of consciousness, mind, or spirit, arguing that consciousness or mind is the basic reality of the world, and that the material world is the product or appearance of consciousness. The following is the basic idea of idealism: early leakage of Zen.

1.Mind first: Idealism holds that consciousness or mind is the basis of reality and has an independent existence and function. It asserts that consciousness or mind is real and fundamental, and that the material world is only a projection or manifestation of it.

2.Existence of spirit or soul: Idealism emphasizes that human beings have an independent spirit or soul, believing that individual thoughts, feelings, and consciousness are the most important.

3.The secondariness of matter: Idealism holds that the material world is a product of consciousness or mind, just an appearance or phenomenon. Matter is seen as dependent on consciousness and has no independent reality.

4.The subjectivity of experience: Idealism emphasizes the importance of the individual's subjective experience and subjective feelings. The consciousness and experience of the individual are the basis for the construction of reality, while the objective external reality is only a reflection of the inner experience.

5.Spiritual transcendence: Idealism holds that consciousness or mind has the ability and properties to transcend matter, to transcend sensory experience and the objective world, and to approach or achieve a higher spiritual realm.

It is important to note that there are multiple schools and variants of idealism, and different philosophers and schools of thought may have different details and formulations of idealism. The above view only summarizes the general characteristics of idealism.

Subjective idealism regards a certain subjective spirit of the ontology, such as feeling, experience, mind, consciousness, concept, will, etc., as the root and basis of the emergence and existence of all things in the conscious world, and all things in the conscious world are derived from these subjective spirits and are the manifestation of these subjective spirits. The views of "the heart is reason", "my heart is the universe", "there is nothing outside the heart" and "there is no reason outside the mind" of the Chinese Song and Ming dynasties, and "existence is to be perceived" and "things are a collection of ideas" of the British Berkeley are representative and typical subjective idealism. Objective idealism regards objective spirits (such as God, Idea, Absolute Spirit, etc.) as the master and origin of the world, and points out that the actual material world is only the externalization and manifestation of these objective spirits.

The philosophical view of objective idealism is that the world is an alienation of the Absolute Idea, and that the world is a creation of God's will.

The basic viewpoint of idealism is that spirit (consciousness) is the first nature, the material is secondary, the spirit determines the matter, and the material is the product of the spirit.

There are two basic manifestations of idealism:

1. Objective idealism. It is believed that there is an objective spirit independent of the real world, which is the origin of the world, and that everything in the world is produced (derived) from it.

2. Subjective idealism. Taking people's subjective spirit (consciousness, concepts, etc.) as the starting point for understanding the world, what exists in the subjective spirit is the cognitive world, the product of the subjective spirit, not the real objective world.

Yes, the essence of the subjective idealist view of history can be seen as voluntarism. The subjective idealist view of history holds that the development of history is determined by the will, decision-making, and choices of individual individuals, rather than by the influence of objective conditions and social laws.

In the subjective idealist view of history, the development of history is seen as the result of the will and decisions of individual heroes, great men, or leaders. These individuals are considered to be key factors in the course of history, and their choices and actions determine the direction and course of history.

This viewpoint ignores the influence of objective factors such as social structure, economic foundation, and class struggle on historical development. It overemphasizes the will and choice of the individual and ignores the objective laws of history and the objective conditions of social development. In fact, history is determined by objective factors such as social structure and class struggle, and the will and choice of individuals are only part of it.

The subjective idealistic view of history is often used to glorify individual figures, viewing them as the decisive force in the process of overshadowing history, while ignoring the role and power of the broad masses of the people and the general public. This viewpoint has been criticized as an idealistic view of history in the Marxist view of history, because it distorts the true face of history and denies the objective laws of society and the objectivity of historical development.

Idealism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy, and it is a pure philosophical system of thought as opposed to materialism. The basic meaning of idealism is that in the philosophical ontology of the relationship between thinking and existence, spirit and matter, spirit (consciousness) is the first nature of the world, and matter is the second nature of the world.

There are two basic manifestations of idealism: objective idealism and subjective idealism.

Objective idealism holds that there exists an objective spirit independently of the real world, which is the origin of the world, and from which everything in the world is produced (derived). Its famous representatives include Zhu Xi of China, Plato of ancient Greece and Hegel of Germany.

Subjective idealism takes people's subjective spirit (consciousness, concepts, etc.) as the starting point for understanding the world, and what exists in the subjective spirit is the cognitive world, which is the product of the subjective spirit, not the real objective world. The main representatives include China's Lu Jiuyuan and Chajue Wang Shouren, and Germany's Fichte.

Conceptual things are nothing more than material things that have been transferred into the human brain and transformed in the human mind. This statement belongs to dialectical materialism.

Dialectical materialism is composed of three parts: dialectical materialism, materialist dialectics, and dialectical materialist epistemology.

Dialectical materialism develops materialism with a dialectical theoretical way of thinking, which not only recognizes that the origin of the world is matter, but also admits that consciousness is the active reflection of the objective world.

Subjective idealism regards the subjective spirit of the subject, such as feeling, experience, mind, consciousness, concept, will, etc., as the root and basis of the generation and existence of all things in the conscious world, while everything in the external world is derived from the subjective spirit of the conscious body.

The representative figures of subjective idealism include the Chinese Lu Jiuyuan's theory of mind, "my heart is the universe", and the British Berkeley's so-called "existence is perceived" and "things are a collection of ideas".

Objective idealism is one of the two basic forms of idealistic philosophy. It holds that before the emergence of the material world and human beings, there existed independently of an objective spirit (ideas, reason, absolute spirit, absolute concept, etc.), and that this objective spirit gave rise to the material world in the process of its development.

Representatives of objective idealism: Plato believes that there is a "world of ideas" that is higher than the real world, Zhu Xi calls objective idealism "reason", and Kant believes that the innate cognitive form processes "the self-body of the object to form the appearance".

Modern metaphysical materialism reduces matter to atoms in the sense of natural science, and believes that atoms are the origin of the world, and the attributes of atoms are the properties of matter, so they have limitations such as mechanical, metaphysical, and idealism in the historical outlook.