Physicochemical properties of organic matter in general

1. Melting and boiling point The action between organic particles is the intermolecular force, and the intermolecular force is relatively small, so the melting and boiling point of hydrocarbons is relatively low. For homologues, the intermolecular forces increase with the increase of relative molecular weight, so the melting and boiling point of the homologues increases with the increase of relative molecular weight.

2. State The state of a substance is closely related to the melting and boiling point, and is determined by the magnitude of the intermolecular force.

Since most of the organic matter is macromolecule (relative to inorganic matter), the gravitational force between the organic matter molecules is large, so it is generally liquid and solid, and only a small number of small molecules of organic matter are gaseous.

3. Density The density of hydrocarbons generally increases with the increase of the number of carbon atoms; The relative density of monochloronalkanes decreases as the number of carbon atoms increases.

4. Solubility When studying the solubility of organic matter, the groups of organic molecules are often divided into hydrophobic groups and hydrophilic groups: groups that have the property of insoluble in water or are not attractive to water are called hydrophobic groups; Groups that have water-soluble properties or are attractive to water are called hydrophilic groups. The solubility of organic matter is determined by the solubility of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in the molecule.

Physical properties: generally insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol or carbon tetrachloride.

Chemical properties: Aliphatic hydrocarbons can generally be burned, and aromatic hydrocarbons are "easy to replace, difficult to add, and can be oxidized and decomposed". Alcohols are "dehydrated" into aldehydes, aldehydes are "oxygenated and oxidized" into carboxylic acids, and alcohols and carboxylic acids form esters. Unsaturated hydrocarbons can undergo polymerization reactions.

Experimental Videos General properties of organic matter.

In a narrow sense, organic compounds mainly refer to compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen elements, which must be carbon-containing compounds, but do not include carbon oxides and sulfides, carbonic acid, carbonates, cyanides, thiocyanides, carbides, carboranes, carbonyl** genus, metal-organic ligand complexes without M-C bonds, and some metal-organic compounds (substances containing M-C bonds) and other carbon-containing substances mainly studied in inorganic chemistry.

The original meaning of "organic matter" is a substance derived from living organisms, because the organic matter discovered in the early days was isolated from living organisms. With the development of organic synthesis, many organic substances can be synthesized by inorganic substances in the laboratory. The word "organic" has lost its original meaning.

Organic matter is the material basis for the production of life, and all living organisms contain organic compounds, such as fats, amino acids, proteins, sugars, heme, chlorophyll, enzymes, hormones, etc. The metabolism of organisms and the genetic phenomena of organisms are involved in the transformation of organic compounds. In addition, many substances that are closely related to human life, such as oil, natural gas, cotton, dyes, chemical fibers, plastics, plexiglass, natural and synthetic drugs, etc., are closely related to organic compounds.

1. The nature is different.

Organic matter: Organic matter refers to carbon-containing compounds, but excluding carbon oxides and sulfides, carbonic acid, carbonates, cyanides, thiocyanides, cyanides, carbides, carboanes, alkanes**, carbonyl**, organic ligand complexes of metals and other substances.

Inorganics: Inorganic substances refer to compounds that do not contain carbon elements, but include carbon-containing carbon oxides, carbonates, cyanides, carbides, carboanes, carbonyls, alkanes, organic ligand complexes of metals, etc., referred to as inorganics.

2. Different classifications.

Organic matter: There are many types of organic matter, which can be divided into two categories: hydrocarbons and derivatives of hydrocarbons. According to the carbon frame structure of organic molecules, it can also be divided into three categories: open-chain compounds, carbon ring compounds and heterocyclic compounds.

According to the different functional groups contained in organic molecules, they are divided into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and so on.

Inorganics: Inorganic substances are classified as pure substances that do not contain carbon elements, which refer to pure substances that do not contain carbon elements and some carbon-containing compounds.

3. The characteristics are different.

Organics: In addition to carbon, the vast majority of organic compound molecules contain hydrogen, and some also contain elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, sulfur and phosphorus. There are nearly 80 million known organic compounds.

Inorganics: Many inorganic substances do not contain carbon; The bonding of inorganic substances is more complex than that of organic matter.

1. Except for a few, organic compounds can generally be burned;

2. Compared with inorganic substances, their thermal stability is relatively poor, and the electrolyte is easy to decompose when heated;

3. The melting point of organic matter is low, generally not more than 400;

4. The polarity of organic matter is very weak, so most of them are insoluble in water;

5. The reaction between organic matter, most of which is an intermolecular reaction, often requires a certain amount of activation energy, so the reaction is slow, and catalysts and other means are needed to respect the hall;

6. The reaction of organic matter is more complex, under the same conditions, a compound can carry out several different reactions at the same time to generate different products.

Organic matter refers to compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and other elements, usually with high molecular weight and complex structure. These compounds can be natural products, such as proteins, sugars, fats, nucleic acids, etc., or synthetic compounds, such as plastics, drugs, dyes, flavors, etc. Chemically, organic and inorganic are two basic chemical categories, where inorganic matter refers to a compound made up of elements other than carbon.

1. Definition of organic matter:

1.Carbonaceous: Organics contain at least one elemental carbon. This is the most basic characteristic of organic matter. The special properties of the element carbon allow it to form very complex molecular structures, which can lead to the formation of a variety of different organic substances.

2.Hydrogen: In addition to carbon, organic matter usually contains hydrogen. This is because the chemical properties of the carbon element allow it to interact with the hydrogen element to form covalent bonds, resulting in a stable molecular structure.

3.Other elements: In addition to carbon and hydrogen, organic matter may also contain other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. The presence of these elements can give organic matter different properties and uses.

Second, there are some points that need to be paid attention to in the definition of organic matter:

1.Organic matter can be natural or synthetic. Natural organic matter includes compounds in living organisms, such as proteins, DNA, etc. Synthetic organic matter is a compound synthesized by chemical reactions, such as plastics, drugs, etc.

2.The properties and uses of organic matter are very wide, covering many fields, such as medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, energy, etc. The research and development of organic matter has an important impact on human life and development.

The definition of organics is a process that has a long history and is constantly evolving. Before the 18th century, it was believed that organic matter existed only in living organisms and could not be synthesized from abiotic sources. However, with the continuous development of chemical experiments, people have gradually discovered many organic substances of abiotic origin, such as coal and oil.

The discovery and research of these organic substances have promoted the development of organic chemistry and made important contributions to the progress of human industry and science and technology.

The difference between "organic" and "inorganic" is carbon-containing and non-carbon-containing. Organic matter contains carbon elements, and inorganic matter does not contain carbon elements.

Organics are a general term for carbon-containing compounds (except carbon-oxides, carbon sulfides, carbonic acid, carbonates, bicarbonates, metal carbides, cyanides, thiocyanides, carboranes, alkanes, carbonyls, organic ligand complexes of metals, etc.) or hydrocarbons and their common derivatives. Organic matter is the material basis for the production of life.

Inorganic compounds, abbreviated as inorganics, generally do not contain carbon. Inorganic compounds such as water and salt can be classified into four categories: oxides, acids, alkalis, and salts. Some carbon-containing compounds, such as CO, CO2, carbonates, etc., are very special, although they contain carbon, they are still inorganic compounds.

Common physical properties are: color, state, smell, taste, density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, etc.

Common chemical properties are: flammability, flammability, oxidation, reduction, acidity and alkalinity, toxicity, corrosiveness, stability, activity, etc.

There are two definitions of physical properties, one refers to the properties that the substance does not need to undergo chemical changes, and the other refers to the properties that the substance exhibits without a chemical reaction is called the physical properties.

Chemical properties are the properties of substances that exhibit in chemical changes. Any substance is distinguished from other substances by its varied chemical properties and chemical changes; Chemical properties are the relative restiness of a substance, chemical change is the relative motion of a substance, etc.

Common physical properties: color, state, smell, taste, density, melting point, boiling point, solubility.

Common chemical properties: flammability, flammability, oxidation, reduction, acidity and alkalinity, toxicity, corrosiveness, (chemical) stability, activity.