Why does the protein shell enter the cell when the HIV virus infects the cell?

HIV is a virus with an envelope, and the main structure of the envelope is the phospholipid bilayer, which encapsulates the protein shell of HIV. HIV invades the host cell by fusing its own envelope with the cytoplasmic membrane of the host cell, so that the protein shell enters the host cell along with the genetic material and reverse transcriptase. HIV is released in budding after assembly, and the protein coat is wrapped around a phospholipid bilayer from the host cell, known as the envelope structure, so that new viral particles with infectious power are born.

The spike protein on the envelope is an important tool for recognizing host cells, so the HIV virus that has lost its envelope is no longer infective, so HIV is sensitive to surfactants. In fact, in addition to enveloped viruses, other animal viruses that do not have an envelope, such as adenovirus, also enter the host cell because it invades by the host cell. The invasion mode of T2 bacteriophage is more special.

First of all, prokaryotes do not have the ability to endocytosis, so it is difficult for the bacteriophage to be swallowed by bacteria in its entirety. Secondly, there is a thick layer of cell wall on the surface of the bacteria that is very impermeable to macromolecules to maintain the morphology of the bacterial cell and strengthen the mechanical strength, so the envelope fusion method also fails, and the T2 bacteriophage does not have an envelope. The morphology of the T2 bacteriophage should be relatively clear, so I will not put the figure here. Its tail filament functions as a specific recognition of the relevant receptor on the host cell wall, thereby directing phage adsorption to the host cell surface.

Subsequently, the tail spines also help the phage to attach more firmly. When attachment is stabilized, the conformational changes of the caudal sheath protein, causing the caudal sheath to shrink and the caudal medulla to pierce the cell wall and membrane. Through the pierced tail medulla, the genetic material of the head is injected into the bacteria.

This particular mode of invasion results in the protein shell of the T2 phage not being able to enter the host cell. <>

The virus family is large and classified, and the viruses in different classifications have different structures and shapes, and the ways of entering the host are also different. Only those who belong to the same category have similar invasion methods. It is not possible to generalize.

HIV belongs to the class of lentiviruses under the umbrella of retroviruses. HIV virus.

Only T cells are infected, thus destroying the person's immune system.

The protein shell of the virus does not enter the host cell. The virus injects genetic material (DNA, RNA) into the host cell, and the genetic material passes through the ribosomes of the host cell.

Amino acids synthesize proteins of viruses. The virus and genetic material are then combined to form a virus. Finally, the cells are lysed. Remember correctly, high school biology. <>

HIV does not survive without bodily fluids such as blood or culture, and dies quickly when exposed to air due to dryness or the action of RNA enzymes, usually within a few seconds. At room temperature, HIV can survive for 15 days in an environment of tissue culture medium that is tightly controlled in the laboratory. Some research institutes have demonstrated that the survival time of HIV in isolated blood is determined by the amount of virus in isolated blood, and that blood with high viral content remains viable even if it is left at room temperature for 96 hours when it is not dried.

Even a drop of blood the size of a pinpoint can be transmitted if it encounters fresh lymphocytes, in which HIV can replicate and spread. Blood with low levels of virus loses its vitality after 2 hours of natural drying; And the blood with a high content of the virus, even if it dries up for 2-4 hours, once it is put into the culture medium and encounters lymphocytes, it can still enter it and continue replication. However, these are limited to laboratory settings.

How does the virus transfer from the host to the human body? Only 6 steps are required to invade the cells.

HIV is an enveloped virus, while an enveloped virus is the entire viral particle, i.e., the capsule of lipids, and the cell membrane recognize and fuse, and then the RNA enters the cell along with the protein capsid. After entering the cell, the capsid depolymerizes, releasing the RNA, while the reverse transcriptase enzyme inside the capsid begins to reverse transcribe the RNA to produce DNA.

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HIV is an enveloped virus, and the entry of cells is not merely genetic material similar to that of a bacteriophage. Rather, through the fusion of the capsule and the host cell membrane, all the substances in the capsule, including the nucleocapsid, are engulfed in. The shell is then further degraded, releasing the genetic material.

This is true for all viruses that are enveloped, and most animal viruses have envelopes.

Generally, the cells that the virus invades are called host cells. After the virus obtains the host, it uses the host's protein and other substances to make its own body, and then injects the genetic material into the cell to infect the cell, some make the cell die, and some will mutate the cell, which is the so-called cancer.

No, only the genetic material went in.

HIV is an enveloped virus, while an enveloped virus is the entire viral particle, i.e., the capsule of lipids, and the cell membrane recognize and fuse, and then the RNA enters the cell along with the protein capsid. After entering the cell, the capsid depolymerizes, releasing the RNA, while the reverse transcriptase enzyme inside the capsid begins to reverse transcribe the RNA to produce DNA.

1 The way in which phages invade bacteria: This type is the type introduced in the textbook, which first uses lysozyme to "drill" a small hole in the host cell wall, and then injects DNA into the inside of the cell, leaving the capsid outside.

2 How animal viruses invade cells:

1) Direct entry. Some non-enveloped viruses, such as poliovirus, come into contact with receptors on the cell membrane, and the spatial structure of the capsid protein changes, and nucleic acids directly cross the cell membrane into the cytoplasm. This is less common.

2) Intact directly through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm. Occurs in a small number of non-enveloped viruses, such as reovirus.

3) Membrane fusion. Enveloped viruses fuse with cell membranes through the envelope and release the nucleocapsid of the virus into the cytoplasm, such as influenza viruses.

4) Through endocytosis of the cell, the intact virus enters the cell in the form of phagocytic vesicles. Most viruses use this method, such as poxviruses.

3 Ways in which plant viruses invade cells:

1) The virus enters the plant cell with the help of a wound caused by mechanical action.

2) Insects with stinging and sucking mouthparts bring the virus into the cells when they feed on plants.

After entering the cells, the virus spreads and spreads from cell to cell through the plasmodesmata of the plant.

Always, in the early stage of infection, animal and plant viruses are different from bacteriophages, they generally enter the host cell in the form of a whole virus or nucleocapsid, and the release of genetic material is achieved by removing the capsid or capsule under the action of enzymes after entering the host cell.

Different viruses enter cells with different components. HIV requires reverse transcriptase to enter cells.

The human immunodeficiency virus is about 120 nanometers in diameter and roughly spherical in shape. The outer membrane of the virus is a lipid envelope that comes from the host cell and is embedded with the proteins gp120 and gp41 of the virus. GP41 is a transmembrane protein, and GP120 is located on the surface and binds to GP41 through non-covalent interaction. Inward is the spherical matrix formed by protein P17 and the semi-conical capsid formed by protein P24, which exhibits a high electron density under electron microscopy.

The capsid contains the RNA genome of the virus, enzymes (reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease), and other components from the host cell (e.g., trnalys3, which serves as primers for reverse transcription).

The nucleoshell of HIV (capsid + nucleic acid = nucleoshell) is a truncated dense core inside the envelope, and the capsid of HIV, or protein shell, is uncoated after entering the host cell. Answer: Phalloidin says that the outermost protein shell of HIV does not enter the cell. I guess you're not talking about the capsular glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, but the p17 inner membrane protein that clings to the inside of the envelope lipid bilayer.

First of all, the inner membrane protein (or matrix protein) is a submembrane structure that constitutes the envelope lipid bilayer and the core-shell, which has the role of supporting the envelope, maintaining the structure of the virus, and mediating the recognition between the core-shell and the envelope glycoprotein, and plays a role when the virus is released in the way of budding. Secondly, during the process of membrane fusion, the p17 inner membrane protein will still be exposed to the cytoplasmic matrix, which is equivalent to entering the cell. Finally, the so-called protein shell, which usually refers to the capsid of the virus, is the p25 shell protein for HIV, which enters the cytoplasmic matrix and then completes the coating. <>

HIV belongs to the genus lentivirus of the retroviridae family. for retro RNA viruses. The shape is round or rod-shaped, with a diameter of 100 140 nmThe outer membrane of the virus is a phospholipid bilayer that comes from the host cell. And about protein

Structural proteins: Envelope proteins: containing outer membrane proteins and transmembrane proteins, signal peptides. Core proteins: synthesized intracellularly, including three structural proteins, P24, PL7 and P12, RNA reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase.

Genome: The genome is two identical RNA single strands, each containing 9749 nucleic acids, which is composed of structural genes and regulatory genes.

There are 3 structural genes:

1) GAG gene (group antigen gene), encoding core protein P24

2) Pol gene (polymerase gene), encoding core polymerase.

3) ENV gene (outer membrane protein gene), encoding outer membrane proteins GP120 and GP41

Structural genes mainly encode core proteins, polymerases, and outer membrane proteins.

There are 3 genes for the Greeting Hood Festival

1) The TAT gene (transactivator) plays a positive role in the early return control of the HIV gene.

2) REV gene (viral protein expression regulator) and increased the expression of GAG and ENV genes on structural proteins.

3) The NEF gene (negative factor) inhibited H proliferation.

Regulatory genes act on a sequence of the viral genome or its mRNA mainly through regulatory proteins.