What is the purpose of Emperor Wei Xiaowen s reform, what are the main contents, and what are the im

The purpose --- to strengthen the rule of the Xianbei aristocracy.

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty reformed, its master.

The main content is the Sinicization movement, including the implementation of the uniform field system and household regulation, the reform of the official system and legal decrees, the relocation of the capital to Luoyang, and the change of Han customs.

The historical role of Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

1. It has accelerated the process of feudalization of all ethnic groups in the north.

2. Promote the economic development of the north.

3. Promote the great integration of northern ethnic groups.

Measures: Implement a management system; promulgation of the Junda Order; moved the capital to Luoyang; Get rid of old customs and accept the advanced culture of the Central Plains.

Significance: Conducive to the recovery and development of the northern economy; It has promoted the progress of the societies of all ethnic groups in the north; The process of great integration of the northern nationalities has been accelerated.

1. Contents:

The early period (471---490) was mainly presided over by Empress Dowager Feng.

a. Formulate a system of officials and officials to rectify the rule of officials: in order to clarify the rule of officials and consolidate the rule.

b. Implement the equalization system: in order to alleviate social contradictions, develop agricultural production, and increase national income.

c. Establish a three-long system: In order to cooperate with the implementation of the uniform field system, strengthen the control of the local government.

d. Implement a new rent regulation: adapt to the uniform land system and ensure tax revenue.

The later period (490---499) was mainly presided over by Emperor Xiaowen.

a. Moved the capital to Luoyang.

b. Change customs: change clothes, speak Chinese, change Han surnames, marriage, change nationality, practice Han system, and worship Confucianism.

2. Role: economic recovery and prosperity: agriculture: wasteland has been reclaimed, grain production has increased, population has increased, farming technology has improved, and animal husbandry has developed; Handicrafts:

The development of folk and government-run handicrafts was rapid, the production of silk cloth increased and the craftsmanship was exquisite, and celadon in the north appeared; Commerce: There are many large markets in Luoyang, with sufficient supply and active transactions, reaching Western countries.

The acceleration of the feudal regime: the rulers respected Confucianism and revered the scriptures, built schools, restored the Han ritual and music system, and adopted the Han feudal ruling system, which had a profound impact on the political life of the Northern Wei Dynasty and even the entire Chinese history.

Ethnic exchange and integration: The changes in the production and lifestyle of the Xianbei people have promoted the change of the entire social customs, and the customs and habits of the Han nationality have become the main body of the whole social habits. The original culture of the Xianbei people has also been integrated into the Han culture.

The essence of Xianbei culture in terms of animal husbandry production experience, clothing, customs, and food has been integrated into the Han culture, which has promoted the development and progress of the entire Chinese civilization. It also laid the foundation for the reunification of the country during the Sui and Tang dynasties.

3. Introduction: The reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, commonly known as the sinicization of Xiaowen, refers to the political reforms implemented during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Its main content is the Sinicization Movement, including the implementation of the Juntian system and household regulation, the reform of the official system and legal decrees, the relocation of the capital to Luoyang, and the change of Han customs.

The Sinicization reform measures implemented by Emperor Xiaowen were conducive to alleviating class contradictions and played a positive role in the recovery and development of the social economy.

The Jiupin Zhongzheng system founded in the Cao Wei period has become a situation in the Western Jin Dynasty to select officials from the family, and evolved into two major social classes, the scholar and the Shu family.

Because the Xianbei people themselves did not have a high level of cultural literacy and did not have independent political reform ideas, they blindly copied the previous Han regime policies, and inherited this gate valve system that had seriously affected social development. "Wei Shu Guan's Chronicles" recorded: "There are three officials who have given things, and the history of the state assassin, the general of the town, and the prince of Pindeng are the surnames of ......."And there are three generations for the middle of the scattered, the prison has been on the top, the outside is the Taishou, the sub-capital, and the Pindengzi male is the clan.

The gate valve system was further extended from the Wei and Jin dynasties to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and it was not abolished until the Sui Dynasty established the imperial examination system.

Background to the reform. The Xianbei people are an ancient ethnic group in the history of our country, and the Tuoba Department is a branch of the Xianbei people who are active in the eastern foothills of the northern end of the Daxing'an Mountains. The Tuoba tribe continued to move south, and in the Western Jin Dynasty, the tribal leader Tuoba Yilu was named the acting king because he helped the ruler at that time to fight against Liu Jixun Blind Yuan and Shi Le, and established the Dai Kingdom.

But soon, the Daiguo was destroyed by the rising Former Qin, and the history of the Tuoba Department was temporarily interrupted. After the Battle of Weishui, the rule of the former Qin was disintegrated, and the Tuoba of the Tuoba Department took the opportunity to restore the country, convened a tribal assembly, became the acting king, and changed the name of the country to Wei, called the emperor, and known as the Northern Wei Dynasty in history. Successive generations of Northern Wei rulers devoted themselves to unification.

1. The Changxiao Annexation War successively destroyed the only remaining Great Xia, Northern Yan and Northern Liang in the north, and unified the north in 439.

Reform content. Emperor Xiaowen's reform involved various fields such as politics, economy, and culture, and the scope was extremely extensive and the content was also extremely rich. In general, there are three points:

First, the implementation of the uniform field system. At the same time as the Junda system, the three-long system and the rent modulation were promulgated in connection with the Xiangshu airspace. The equalization system enabled the peasants to get a certain amount of land, firmly bound the peasants to the land, and became the household of the state, ensuring the basic interests of the landlords and the private ownership of land.

On the other hand, the rent adjustment system has relatively reduced the burden of rent adjustment on the peasants, improved the production and living conditions of the peasants, and promoted the development of productive forces on the other hand. Second, rectify the rule of officials. The corruption of the rule of officials not only intensified social contradictions, but also created contradictions within the ruling class.

In this reform measure, the criterion is the quality of "governance". The bureaucracy was purged and feudal rule was consolidated. Third, move the capital to Luoyang.

In order to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and strengthen his control over the Yellow River Valley, Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In 495, the capital was officially moved to Luoyang. Fourth, the implementation of the Han system and the change of customs.

The main contents include changing the official system, banning Hu clothes, breaking the northern language, changing the surname, fixing the family name, and moving the capital to Luoyang, which is the most important measure in the reform of Emperor Xiaowen.

Significance. It accelerated the feudalization (i.e., sinicization) process of Xianbei and the north, and promoted the great integration of the northern ethnic groups. The reforms eased class contradictions to a certain extent and enabled the Northern Wei regime to be consolidated.

Background of the reform: After the unification of the Yellow River Valley by the Northern Wei Dynasty, the people of all ethnic groups lived together and influenced each other, and there was a trend of great ethnic integration. Faced with this situation, in order to strengthen the rule of the people of all ethnic groups, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty accepted the advice of the Han landlords and implemented reforms.

The main content of the reform can be divided into three aspects: economy, politics and culture. Economically, the implementation of the equalization system is a form of feudal land ownership, and the distribution of some wasteland to landless or landless peasants is of positive significance to the stability of social order and the restoration and development of production.

Politically, the relocation of the capital to Luoyang and the adoption of the political system of the Han ruling class were both conducive to the Northern Wei's control of the Yellow River Valley. Culturally, it accepts the advanced culture of the Han nationality. Emperor Xiaowen ordered the Xianbei people to adopt Han surnames, change to wear Hanfu, learn to speak Chinese, and advocate Qi Fengran to intermarry with the Han people, which cleared the estrangement between the Xianbei and Han people in terms of surname, clothing, language, marriage, etc., and achieved the purpose of further integration between the Xianbei and Han people.

The historical role of reform. There are two main aspects of history. On the one hand, it accelerated the process of feudalization of various ethnic groups in the north; On the other hand, it has promoted the quiet integration of the northern peoples.

Contents: The early period (471---490) was mainly presided over by Empress Dowager Feng.

1. Formulate a system of officials and officials: in order to clarify the rule of officials and consolidate the rule.

2. Implement the equalization system: in order to alleviate social contradictions, develop agricultural production, and increase national income.

3. Establish a three-long system: In order to cooperate with the implementation of the Qibo Juntian system, strengthen the control of local laughter.

4. Implement a new rent regulation: adapt to the uniform land system and ensure tax revenue.

The later period (490---499) was mainly presided over by Emperor Xiaowen.

1. Moved the capital to Luoyang.

2. Change customs: change clothes, speak Chinese, change Han surnames, marriage, change nationality, practice Han system, and worship Confucianism.

Emperor Xiaowen conformed to the trend of historical development, was determined to reform, and adopted a series of measures to promote ethnic integration, which accelerated the process of feudalization of all ethnic groups in the north; He has promoted the great integration of the northern ethnic groups and is an outstanding minority politician in ancient China.