The main reason for China s defeat in the First Sino Japanese War

There were many reasons for the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, and the fundamental reason was the obvious gap between China's national strength and that of the emerging Japan. However, what you are talking about is likely to be the Battle of the Yellow Sea in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, and the direct cause of this defeat is the fact that many Chinese are unwilling to admit that the official tactical literacy is indeed obviously inferior to that of the Japanese. At that time, the equipment performance of our Beiyang Fleet was at least comparable to that of Japan, our two ironclad ships were invincible in Asia, the Japanese did not have them at all, and the results of the naval battle also proved that the Japanese could not sink our ironclad ships no matter what, and it was difficult to even suffer heavy losses.

Therefore, the direct cause of failure is the human cause. From the combat skills of the officers and men at the grassroots level to the tactical quality of the high-level commands, they were completely defeated by the Japanese Navy.

The Chinese Navy has not been upgraded for a long time, and it still uses heavy ships and heavy guns, while the Japanese Navy gradually introduces fast ships and fast guns; And there is also laxity in training. Tactical mistakes, backward thinking, and fear from above. Although most of the navy's officers and men, including foreign military attachés, fought valiantly, they could not save the defeat.

The defeat and victory of a war cannot be idealistically attributed to one or the other, it can be caused by many factors, and it may even be luck.

But if you're taking the exam, it's a different story, and the eight-strand essay is a must.

1.Lack of foresight: At the critical juncture when Japan was pouring all its strength into expanding its armaments and the danger of war was imminent, the Qing Dynasty instead relaxed its national defense construction, cut its military budget on the grounds of financial constraints, and stopped purchasing ** from 1888 onwards, and stopped allocating funds for equipment and ammunition for the navy in 1891.

2.Strategic reasons: Before provoking this war, Japan's wartime base camp formulated a "general operational policy" that took into account the overall planning of the navy and army.

Its strategic goal was to engage in a decisive battle with the Qing army on the Zhili Plain in China, defeat the Qing army, and force the Qing to submit. On the Chinese side, there was no clear strategic policy and operational plan before the war. In terms of strategic planning, Japan has already taken the lead.

3.Equipment disadvantage: In the Battle of the Yellow Sea in which the two sides fought for sea supremacy, the Qing army met the Japanese army with inferior forces (two ships of more than 3,000 tons and 10 ships of less than 3,000 tons, 8 ships of more than 3,000 tons and 4 ships of less than 3,000 tons).

Limited by the technical conditions at the time of manufacture, the effective firing distance of Beiyang is no more than 3,000 meters, while the effective firing range of Japan's Yoshino, which is equipped with a new rangefinder, can reach 5,000 meters. The Japanese army was also armed with new rapid-fire guns.

4.Partisan strife: In the late Qing Dynasty, the relationship between the Qing faction, led by Emperor Guangxu's mentor Weng Tongyi, and the Westernist faction led by Li Hongzhang deteriorated.

In order to limit Li Hongzhang's rights during the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing faction invited Emperor Guangxu to transfer Li Bingheng, who had a conflict with Li Hongzhang, to serve as the governor of Shandong. Li Bingheng, a native of Liaoning, is a close friend of Weng Tongyi, and also belongs to the Qing Dynasty rumor, during the First Sino-Japanese War, he opposed Li Hongzhang everywhere, and all kinds of strange excuses did not send reinforcements, so that Liugong Island became an isolated island, and after experiencing tragic resistance, it finally fell.

The fundamental cause of the defeat of the First Sino-Japanese War was the corruption and incompetence of the Qing Dynasty.

In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, great changes had taken place in the countries of the world, and the Industrial Revolution had brought about the rapid development of European industry and military technology. The Qing Dynasty, on the other hand, closed itself off and disdained to see the changes in its neighboring countries. At that time, some people of insight in the Qing Dynasty saw that Japan should not be taken lightly, but the imperial court and most of the dignitaries still had a small understanding of Japan and did not care about it.

At the critical juncture when Japan was pouring all its strength to expand its armaments and the danger of war was imminent, the Qing Dynasty instead relaxed its national defense construction, cut its military budget on the grounds of financial constraints, stopped purchasing ** from 1888, and stopped allocating funds for equipment and ammunition for the navy in 1891.

Historical Background:

In 1894, the Donghak uprising broke out in Korea, and the Korean army was defeated and forced to beg for help from the suzerain, the Qing Dynasty, and Japan also took the opportunity to send troops to Korea to deliberately provoke a war.

In 1894 (the twentieth year of Guangxu), the Battle of Toshima broke out on July 25, and the First Sino-Japanese War began. Under the military pressure of Japanese militarism, the Qing Dynasty of China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki on April 17, 1895.

The defeat of the First Sino-Japanese War led to the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which humiliated the country

The main contents are:

1. Qing ** recognized the "independence" of North Korea;

2. Cutting the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan, the Penghu Islands and its affiliated islands to Japan;

3. Compensate Japan for military spending of 200 million taels;

4. Chongqing, Shashi, Suzhou and Hangzhou will be added as treaty ports;

5. Open up new inland river routes;

6. Japan is allowed to open factories in treaty ports in China, and products shipped to Chinese mainland are exempt from mainland taxes.

The signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki undermined the aggressive rights and interests of Russia, Germany, and France in China. Russia, Germany, and France submitted a note to Japan and forced Japan to abandon its occupation of the Liaodong Peninsula by force. Japan was forced to agree to return the Liaodong Peninsula to China, but extorted 30 million taels of silver from the Qing in exchange.

China - Treaty-by-article analysis:

1. Qing ** recognized Japan's control of Korea, which facilitated Japan's use of Korea as a springboard to expand its influence in Northeast China.

2. The cession of large areas of territory in Taiwan and the Penghu Islands forced Taiwan to be isolated from the motherland for 50 years. and the ambition of the great powers to carve up China.

3. In order to repay the huge indemnities, the Qing ** stepped up the looting of the people, and also borrowed a large amount of foreign debts, so that the foreign powers further controlled China's finances and economy;

4. The opening of new treaty ports and the opening of new inland river routes enabled the imperialist invading forces to penetrate deep into the interior of China and the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River;

5. The establishment of factories by foreign capitalists in China has seriously hindered the development of China's national industry.

6. The European and American powers also enjoy the privileges stipulated in the treaty on the basis of the one-sided most-favored-nation clause, and the aggression of foreign capitalism against China has since entered a new stage, reflecting the aggressive demand of imperialist capital to export and divide the world.

In short, the degree of semi-colonization of Chinese society has deepened considerably.

Overall Analysis: Politics) marked the defeat of the Westernization Movement; The cession of Taiwan and other places further reduced China's territory; The degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal was greatly deepened.

economy) 230 million taels of indemnity, which has brought a huge economic burden to the people; borrowing foreign debts to give the Great Powers further control over China's finances and economy; Allowing foreign powers to invest in factories seriously hindered the development of China's national industry.

Military) prompted the Qing Dynasty to carry out military reforms first.

ideology) prompted China's intellectuals and people of all strata to fight for salvation and survival in different forms, such as the Wuxu Reform, the Xinhai Revolution, the Boxer Rebellion, and so on.

Feelings) The loss of Great China to a small Japan has cast a shadow of inferiority in people's hearts since then.

External) * The ambition of the great powers to carve up China, foreign aggression entered the stage of capital export.

Japan's international status was greatly improved, national sentiment was high, and from then on embarked on the road of foreign aggression and expansion; * the development of the domestic economy; The reparations were used for education in the country, and many talents were trained for the rise of Japan.